Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions

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==Conjugation==
==Conjugation==
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffix-thematic ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
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! ''ē/ī''-stem verbs
! ''ē/ī''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
|-
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
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!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age”
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
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|''turiū́''
|''turiū́''
|''gidā́hū''
|''gidā́hū''
|''zirhḗjū''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
|''skeĩsti''
|''skeĩsi''
|''stèrhei''
|''stèrhei''
|''turiéi''
|''turiéi''
|''gidā́hei''
|''gidā́hei''
|''zirhḗjei''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
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|''tùrie''
|''tùrie''
|''gidā́''
|''gidā́''
|''zirhḗje''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
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|''turiewā́''
|''turiewā́''
|''gidewā́''
|''gidewā́''
|''zirhējewā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
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|''turietā́''
|''turietā́''
|''gidetā́''
|''gidetā́''
|''zirhējetā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
Line 147: Line 154:
|''turietìs''
|''turietìs''
|''gidetìs''
|''gidetìs''
|''zirhējetìs''
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]]
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]]
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|''turiemà''
|''turiemà''
|''gidemà''
|''gidemà''
|''zirhējemà''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
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|''turietè''
|''turietè''
|''gidetè''
|''gidetè''
|''zirhējetè''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
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|''turiañti''
|''turiañti''
|''gidañti''
|''gidañti''
|''zirhējañti''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Aorist|Aorist]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! Athematic verbs
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age”
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skeĩtun''
|''stèrhun''
|''turḗjun''
|''gidā́sun''
|''zirhḗjun''
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
|''skeĩs''
|''stèrhis''
|''turḗjis''
|''gidā́sis''
|''zirhḗjis''
|-
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
|''skeĩ''
|''stèrhe''
|''turḗ''
|''gidā́s''
|''zirhḗje''
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
![[w:First person plural|1st du]]
|''skeitawā́''
|''sterhawā́''
|''turēwā́''
|''gidāsawā́''
|''zirhējawā́''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
|''skeitatā́''
|''sterhatā́''
|''turētā́''
|''gidāsatā́''
|''zirhējatā́''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
|''skeitatìs''
|''sterhatìs''
|''turētìs''
|''gidāsatìs''
|''zirhējatìs''
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]]
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]]
|''skeitamè''
|''sterhamè''
|''turēmè''
|''gidāsamè''
|''zirhējamè''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
|''skeitatè''
|''sterhatè''
|''turētè''
|''gidāsatè''
|''zirhējatè''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
|''skeitiñ''
|''sterhañ''
|''turējañ''
|''gidāsañ''
|''zirhējañ''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! Athematic verbs
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
!''skaistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age”
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skaĩtai''
|''stàrha''
|''turḗja''
|''gidā́ha''
|''zirhḗja''
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
|''skaĩstai''
|''stàrta''
|''turḗta''
|''gidā́ta''
|''zirhḗta''
|-
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
|''skaĩtei''
|''stàrhe''
|''turḗje''
|''gidā́he''
|''zirhḗje''
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
![[w:First person plural|1st du]]
|''skaitwā́''
|''stárwā''
|''turḗwā''
|''gidā́wā''
|''zirhḗwā''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
|''skaistā́''
|''stártā''
|''turḗtā''
|''gidā́tā''
|''zirhḗtā''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
|''skaistìs''
|''stártis''
|''turḗtis''
|''gidā́tis''
|''zirhḗtis''
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]]
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]]
|''skaimè''
|''stárme''
|''turḗme''
|''gidā́me''
|''zirhḗme''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
|''skaistè''
|''stárte''
|''turḗte''
|''gidā́te''
|''zirhḗte''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
|''skaitínti''
|''starhin''
|''turḗjin''
|''gidā́hin''
|''zirhḗjin''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Future tense|Future]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! Athematic verbs
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
!''skaistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age”
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skeĩsiū''
|''stérhesiū''
|''turḗsiū''
|''gidā́siū''
|''zirhḗsiū''
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
|''skeĩsiei''
|''stérhesiei''
|''turḗsiei''
|''gidā́siei''
|''zirhḗsiei''
|-
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
|''skeĩs''
|''stérhes''
|''turḗs''
|''gidā́s''
|''zirhḗs''
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
![[w:First person plural|1st du]]
|''skeĩsiwā''
|''stérhesiei''
|''turḗsiei''
|''gidā́siei''
|''zirhḗsiei''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
|''skaistā́''
|''stártā''
|''turḗtā''
|''gidā́tā''
|''zirhḗtā''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
|''skaistìs''
|''stártis''
|''turḗtis''
|''gidā́tis''
|''zirhḗtis''
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Plural]]
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]]
|''skaimè''
|''stárme''
|''turḗme''
|''gidā́me''
|''zirhḗme''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
|''skaistè''
|''stárte''
|''turḗte''
|''gidā́te''
|''zirhḗte''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
|''skaitínti''
|''starhin''
|''turḗjin''
|''gidā́hin''
|''zirhḗjin''
|}
|}


[[Category:Carpathian]]
[[Category:Carpathian]]

Revision as of 11:31, 25 February 2023

Carpathian verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the nominals, with verbs categorized according to their conjugation class. Each finite verb is conjugated for person, number, tense, aspect, and mood, the last three usually being combined into a single category, called TAM. In addition to finite verbs, non-finite forms such as participles, infinitive and supine are also extensively used. Transitive verbs agree with two or more of its arguments, which is called polypersonal agreement, while intransitive verbs only agree with one argument — its subject. An extreme example of the agreement complexity can be seen in the following sentence: ei-ta-dōdah-ā-mi “He/she made me give it to them” ("to.them-that-made.give-he/she-me").

Most Carpathian verbs have three or four distinct basic stems, i.e. the stems of the imperfective, the aorist, the perfect and the infinitive. All forms of the verb were based on those stems: “sit” — sēdē- (infinitive and aorist), sēdi- (imperfective) and sōd- (perfect); “remain” — lik- (infinitive), leik- (present), likā- (aorist) laik- (perfect).

Personal Endings

Carpathian has two different categories of verbs, based on their present tense personal endings: athematic and thematic, the latter category being much larger and still productive, consisting of every class of verbs but one. The subject endings of the two categories (for the M-type accent paradigm) are:

Athematic Thematic Athematic Thematic Athematic Thematic
Present Aorist Perfect
Singular 1st -mi -ū -ùn -ùn -ai -a
2nd -si -ei -s -is -tai -ta
3rd -ti -e -∅/-a -e -ei -e
Dual 1st -wā́ -(e)wā́ -awā́ -(a)wā́ -wā́ -wā́
2nd -tā́ -(e)tā́ -atā́ -(a)tā́ -tā́ -tā́
3rd -tìs -(e)tìs -atìs -(a)tìs -tìs -tìs
Plural 1st -mès -(e)mùn/-mà -amè -(a)mè -mè -mè
2nd -tè -(e)tè -atè -(a)tè -tè -tè
3rd -eñti -añti -iñ -añ -ínti -ín
  • In Western Carpathian the 1st plural present thematic ending is -mun, while in Eastern Carpathian it is -ma.

Conjugation

The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the si- suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.

Present
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē/ī-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩmi stèrhū turiū́ gidā́hū zirhḗjū
2nd sg skeĩsi stèrhei turiéi gidā́hei zirhḗjei
3rd sg skeĩsti stèrhe tùrie gidā́ zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skeitwā́ sterhewā́ turiewā́ gidewā́ zirhējewā́
2nd du skeistā́ sterhetā́ turietā́ gidetā́ zirhējetā́
3rd du}} skeistìs sterhetìs turietìs gidetìs zirhējetìs
Plural 1st pl skeimès sterhemà turiemà gidemà zirhējemà
2nd pl skeistè sterhetè turietè gidetè zirhējetè
3rd pl skeiteñti sterhañti turiañti gidañti zirhējañti
Aorist
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩtun stèrhun turḗjun gidā́sun zirhḗjun
2nd sg skeĩs stèrhis turḗjis gidā́sis zirhḗjis
3rd sg skeĩ stèrhe turḗ gidā́s zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skeitawā́ sterhawā́ turēwā́ gidāsawā́ zirhējawā́
2nd du skeitatā́ sterhatā́ turētā́ gidāsatā́ zirhējatā́
3rd du}} skeitatìs sterhatìs turētìs gidāsatìs zirhējatìs
Plural 1st pl skeitamè sterhamè turēmè gidāsamè zirhējamè
2nd pl skeitatè sterhatè turētè gidāsatè zirhējatè
3rd pl skeitiñ sterhañ turējañ gidāsañ zirhējañ
Perfect
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skaistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skaĩtai stàrha turḗja gidā́ha zirhḗja
2nd sg skaĩstai stàrta turḗta gidā́ta zirhḗta
3rd sg skaĩtei stàrhe turḗje gidā́he zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skaitwā́ stárwā turḗwā gidā́wā zirhḗwā
2nd du skaistā́ stártā turḗtā gidā́tā zirhḗtā
3rd du}} skaistìs stártis turḗtis gidā́tis zirhḗtis
Plural 1st pl skaimè stárme turḗme gidā́me zirhḗme
2nd pl skaistè stárte turḗte gidā́te zirhḗte
3rd pl skaitínti starhin turḗjin gidā́hin zirhḗjin
Future
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skaistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩsiū stérhesiū turḗsiū gidā́siū zirhḗsiū
2nd sg skeĩsiei stérhesiei turḗsiei gidā́siei zirhḗsiei
3rd sg skeĩs stérhes turḗs gidā́s zirhḗs
Dual 1st du skeĩsiwā stérhesiei turḗsiei gidā́siei zirhḗsiei
2nd du skaistā́ stártā turḗtā gidā́tā zirhḗtā
3rd du}} skaistìs stártis turḗtis gidā́tis zirhḗtis
Plural 1st pl skaimè stárme turḗme gidā́me zirhḗme
2nd pl skaistè stárte turḗte gidā́te zirhḗte
3rd pl skaitínti starhin turḗjin gidā́hin zirhḗjin
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