Carrick/History: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "===Common Brittonic=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C |- ! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar |- ! Plosive | width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g |- ! Fricative | ɸ || || s || || || || x || |- ! Nasal | ||...")
 
 
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===Common Brittonic===
===Common Brittonic===
Carrick inherited the following consonant inventory from Common Brittonic:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C
|+ Inherited Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic
|-
|-
! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial !! colspan="2;" | Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar
! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial || colspan="2;"| Dental/</br>Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar || colspan="2;"| Glottal
|-
|-
! Plosive  
! Plosive  
| width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g
| width="50px;" | p || width="50px;" | b ||width="50px;" | t || width="50px;" |d ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | k ||width="50px;" | g || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" |
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| ɸ || || s || || || || x ||  
| ɸ || (β, μ) || s || (ð) || || || x || (ɣ) || (h) ||
|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| || m || || n || | || || || (ŋ)
| || m || || n || | || || || (ŋ) || ||
|-
|-
! Approximant  
! Approximant  
| || w || || l || || j || ||
| || w || || l || || j || || || ||
|-
|-
! Trill
! Trill
| || || || r || || || ||  
| || || || r || || || ||  || ||
|}
|}
The process of lenition weakened intervocalic consonants, including those at the beginning and end of a word in continuous speech, creating a chain shift of voiceless stop > voiced stop > voiced fricative, plus ''m'' > ''μ'' (a voiced bilabial nasalised fricative), ''s > h'' and probably ''ɸ'' > Ø. Meanwhile, geminate stops and ''ss'' were shortened to fill the gap created by the lenited allophones (e.g. ''katus'' "battle" > ''kaduh'' but ''kattā'' > ''katā'').
The Brittonic vowel inventory had already undergone changes, creating long monophthongs from old diphthongs. It consisted of five short and seven long vowels, plus triphthongs consisting of ''ijV'':


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| a || || aː </br> (< aː, au) ||
| a || || aː </br> (< aː, au) ||
|}
|}
* '''Lenition:''' ''p > b > β, t > d > ð, k > g > ɣ, ɸ > -, s > h, m > μ
** Geminate consonants are shortened


===Proto-Carrick===
===Proto-Carrick===
Proto-Carrick, ranging from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries, underwent a series of significant changes:
* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:
* Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:
** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'')
** short ''-a, -e, -o'' are lost, along with any preceding ''j, w'' (e.g. ''donjo- > don'')
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** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'')
** unstressed short ''e'' > ''i'' (e.g. ''imbed > imbid'')
** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'')
** short ''o > a'', long ''aː > ɔː'' (e.g. ''don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː'')
* '''I-Mutation 1:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > œ, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni'').  
* '''Short I-Mutation:''' ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y'' before ''i, iː, j'' in next syllable (e.g. ''dani > dæni'').  
* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'')
* Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. ''riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn'')
* A-Mutation: ''u'' lowers to ''o'' before ''a, æ, ɔː'' (e.g. ''tumbã > tombã'')
* Vowel Changes:
* Vowel Changes:
** final-syllable ''oː > u, ɛː > e'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kadu'', ''tundɛː > tunde'')
** final-syllable unstressed ''oː > uː, ɛː > eː'' (e.g. ''kadoː > kaduː'', ''tundɛː > tundeː'')
** unstressed ''eː > i
** unstressed ''eː > iː''
** all other final-syllable long vowels shorten
** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')
** non-final ''ɛː > aː'' (e.g. ''kɛːd > kaːd'')
* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' is lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtu > ɔːtu'')
* ''x'' < earlier ''xs'' and in the combination ''xt'' becomes ''h''
* '''Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants:
** ''h'' < earlier ''x'' and ''s'' are lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. ''oxtuː > ɔːtuː'', ''swehr > sweːr)
* '''Lenition 2''' of intervocalic and final consonants:
** also affects consonants adjacent to ''l, r'' (''balg > balɣ, mark > marg'')
** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''
** previously lenited stops lenite again: ''b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,''
** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtu > ɔːdu'')
** ''p, t, k'' from earlier ''pp, tt / xt, kk'' become ''b, d, g'' (''ɔːtuː > ɔːduː'')
** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'', earlier ''h'' (< ''s'') is lost (''sanes > saneh, brisk > brihk''
** ''s'' (from ''ss'') > ''h'' (''sanes > saneh, )
* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ)
* Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. ''kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx)
* '''I-Mutation 2:'''  
* '''Full I-Mutation''' before ''i, iː'' or ''j'' in the next syllable:
** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y''
** Short vowels: ''a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y''
** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, o > œː, uː > yː''
** Long vowels: ''aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, oː > œː, uː > yː''
 
===Early Carrick===
* '''U-Mutation:''' ''a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː)'' before ''u(ː), w'' in next syllable (e.g. ''kaðu > kɔðu'')
** word-initial combinations of (C)''w''V are mutated (e.g. ''sweːr > sœːr'', ''gwan- > gon-''). 
* Stressed ''e(ː)'' becomes ''ja(ː)'' (e.g. ''geːhl'' > ''gjaːhl'', ''menn'' > ''mjann'')
* '''Syncope:'''
** unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. ''kɔðu > kɔθ'')
** unstressed ''æ, ø'' become ''e'' (e.g. ''salæn > salen'')
** unstressed long vowels are shortened (e.g. ''ɔːduː > ɔːdu)
* ''mp, nt, nk'' > ''pp, tt, kk''
 
===Late Carrick===
* medial ''s'' > ''h'' before ''p, k, t'' (''sisp > sihp'')
* long vowels break: ''aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu'' (e.g. ''ɔːdu > oudu'').
* ''ɣ'' merges with ''h'' (< ''s'') (e.g. ''selɣ'' > ''selha''
* ''h'' is lost, with lengthening of preceding vowel:
** before a consonant (e.g. ''sihp > siːp'')
** between a consonant and a vowel (e.g. ''selha > seːla'')

Latest revision as of 16:34, 11 October 2023

Common Brittonic

Carrick inherited the following consonant inventory from Common Brittonic:

Inherited Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic
Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative ɸ (β, μ) s (ð) x (ɣ) (h)
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Approximant w l j
Trill r

The process of lenition weakened intervocalic consonants, including those at the beginning and end of a word in continuous speech, creating a chain shift of voiceless stop > voiced stop > voiced fricative, plus m > μ (a voiced bilabial nasalised fricative), s > h and probably ɸ > Ø. Meanwhile, geminate stops and ss were shortened to fill the gap created by the lenited allophones (e.g. katus "battle" > kaduh but kattā > katā).

The Brittonic vowel inventory had already undergone changes, creating long monophthongs from old diphthongs. It consisted of five short and seven long vowels, plus triphthongs consisting of ijV:

Vowel Inventory of Common Brittonic 1C
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close i u iː uː
Close-Mid eː
(< ei)		 oː
(< oi)
Open-Mid ɛ ɔ ɛː
(< ai)		 ɔː
(< ou, eu)
Open a aː
(< aː, au)

Proto-Carrick

Proto-Carrick, ranging from approximately the 3rd to the 8th centuries, underwent a series of significant changes:

  • Changes to unstressed word-final sounds:
    • short -a, -e, -o are lost, along with any preceding j, w (e.g. donjo- > don)
    • final -n is lost and a preceding vowel nasalised (e.g. kanton > kantõ)
  • Vowel changes:
    • unstressed short e > i (e.g. imbed > imbid)
    • short o > a, long aː > ɔː (e.g. don > dan, laːμaː > lɔːμɔː)
  • Short I-Mutation: a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y before i, iː, j in next syllable (e.g. dani > dæni).
  • Short word-final vowels are deleted in words of 3 syllables or more (e.g. riːɣænĩ > riːɣæn)
  • Vowel Changes:
    • final-syllable unstressed oː > uː, ɛː > eː (e.g. kadoː > kaduː, tundɛː > tundeː)
    • unstressed eː > iː
    • non-final ɛː > aː (e.g. kɛːd > kaːd)
  • x < earlier xs and in the combination xt becomes h
    • h < earlier x and s are lost, lengthening preceding vowel (e.g. oxtuː > ɔːtuː, swehr > sweːr)
  • Lenition 2 of intervocalic and final consonants:
    • also affects consonants adjacent to l, r (balg > balɣ, mark > marg)
    • previously lenited stops lenite again: b > β, d > ð, g > ɣ,
    • p, t, k from earlier pp, tt / xt, kk become b, d, g (ɔːtuː > ɔːduː)
    • s (from ss) > h (sanes > saneh, )
  • Final consonants are devoiced: (e.g. kaːð > kaːθ, balɣ > balx)
  • Full I-Mutation before i, iː or j in the next syllable:
    • Short vowels: a > æ, e > i, o > ø, u > y
    • Long vowels: aː > æː, eː > iː, ɔː > øː, oː > œː, uː > yː

Early Carrick

  • U-Mutation: a(ː) > ɔ(ː), e > ø, eː > œː, i(ː) > y(ː) before u(ː), w in next syllable (e.g. kaðu > kɔðu)
    • word-initial combinations of (C)wV are mutated (e.g. sweːr > sœːr, gwan- > gon-).
  • Stressed e(ː) becomes ja(ː) (e.g. geːhl > gjaːhl, menn > mjann)
  • Syncope:
    • unstressed short vowels in open syllables (including word-final) are lost (e.g. kɔðu > kɔθ)
    • unstressed æ, ø become e (e.g. salæn > salen)
    • unstressed long vowels are shortened (e.g. ɔːduː > ɔːdu)
  • mp, nt, nk > pp, tt, kk

Late Carrick

  • medial s > h before p, k, t (sisp > sihp)
  • long vowels break: aː > au, æː > ai, eː > je, øː > oy, ɔː > ou, oː > wo, œː> jo, iː > ei, y > ey, u > eu (e.g. ɔːdu > oudu).
  • ɣ merges with h (< s) (e.g. selɣ > selha
  • h is lost, with lengthening of preceding vowel:
    • before a consonant (e.g. sihp > siːp)
    • between a consonant and a vowel (e.g. selha > seːla)
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