Cathardic

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Revision as of 05:31, 10 February 2023 by Shariifka (talk | contribs) (→‎-ere verbs)
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Cathardic (native: kathárdikhu /kaˈθaɾdixu/) is an African Romance language.

Cathardic
sa lingwa sa kathárdikha
Pronunciation[sa ˈliŋgwa sa kaˈθaɾdixa]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Kathárdikhu comes from a hypothetical Latin *Carthaginicus from Carthagō "Carthage" + -icus "-ic".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized by adding -s. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the plural ending.

If the singular ends in a high vowel (-u or -i), it is changed to its mid counterpart (-o- or -e- respectively) before adding the plural ending.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.

Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.

Articles

Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: su (m. sg.), sa (f. sg.), sos (m. pl.), sas (f. pl.)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Cathardic first person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject meu e nos
Direct object mi me nos
Indirect object mi mi nos
Possessive meyu, -a me nostru, -a nos
Cathardic second person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject teu tu gos
Direct object ti te gos
Indirect object ti ti gos
Possessive tu, tua te gostru, -a gos
Cathardic third person masculine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isu su isos sos
Direct object isu su isos sos
Indirect object sui si isos sos
Possessive su, sua su isoru, -a sor
Cathardic third person feminine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isa sa isas sas
Direct object isa sa isas sas
Indirect object sei si isas sas
Possessive su, sua su isaru, -a sar
Cathardic third person reflexive pronouns
Full Clitic
Subject
Direct object si se
Indirect object si si
Possessive su, sua se

Numbers

Cardinal Ordinal
0 nulu nulísimu
1 u, ua filmu, -a
2 duos, duas sekhunu, -a
3 thres thelchu, -a
4 kwator kwaltu, -a
5 kingwe kwindu, -a
6 ses sestu, -a
7 sete sétimu, -a
8 oto otabu, -a
9 nobe nobeyu, -a
10 dekhe dékhimu, -a
11 únekhi unékhimu, -a
12 dódekhi dodékhimu, -a
13 thrédekhi thredékhimu, -a
14 kwatórdekhi kwatordékhimu, -a
15 kwínekhi kwinékhimu, -a
16 sédekhi sedékhimu, -a
17 dekhesete dekhesétimu, -a
18 dekhoto dekhotabu, -a
19 dekhenobe dekhenobeyu, -a
20 gwindi gwísimu, -a
21 u eth gwindi u eth gwísimu, -a
30 thrinda thrísimu, -a
40 kwaranda kwarásimu, -a
50 kingwanda kingwásimu, -a
60 sesanda sesásimu, -a
70 setanda setásimu, -a
80 otanda otásimu, -a
90 nobanda nobásimu, -a
100 kendu kendísimu, -a
101 kendu u kendu filmu, -a
200 dukhendos dukhendísimu, -a
300 threkhendos threkhendísimu, -a
400 kwatorkendos kwatorkendísimu, -a
500 kwingendos kwingendísimu, -a
600 seskendos seskendísimu, -a
700 setekhendos setekhendísimu, -a
800 otokhendos otokhendísimu, -a
900 nobekhendos nobekhendísimu, -a
1000 mile milísimu, -a
2000 dumiles dumilísimu, -a

Verbs

Tenses and Non-finite forms

  • Non-finite forms
    • Infinitive
    • Gerund
    • Participle
  • Indicative
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
    • Perfect
      • Present of aire "to have" + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect of aire "to have" + participle
    • Future
      • Present of aire + ad + infinitive
    • Future perfect
      • Present of aire + ad + aire + participle
    • Conditional
      • Imperfect of aire + ad + infinitive
  • Subjunctive
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
    • Perfect
      • Present subjunctive of aire + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect subjunctive of aire + participle
  • Imperative

-are verbs

Infinitive -are
Gerund -ande
Participle -athu, -atha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite¹ Present Imperfect Preterite¹
1S -o -aba -ái -e -are -ase -e
2S -as -abas -aisti -es -ares -ases -a
3S -ath -abath -áith -eth -areth -aseth -eth
1P -amus -abamus -aimus -emus -aremus -asemus -emus
2P -akhis -abakhis -aistis -ekhis -arekhis -asekhis -athe
3P -and -aband -arund -end -arend -asend -end

Notes:

¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite stem take the irregular -ere/-ire preterite indicative endings (i.e. -i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt). Such verbs also form their preterite subjunctive as -ere/ire verbs, using the preterite stem and endings beginning in -es- instead of -as-.

-ere verbs

Infinitive -ere
Gerund -ende
Participle -uthu, -utha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite
1S -o¹ -eba -í² -a -ere -ise -a¹
2S -es -ebas -isti -as -eres -ises -e
3S -eth -ebath -íth² -ath -ereth -iseth -ath¹
1P -emus -ebamus -imus -amus -eremus -isemus -amus¹
2P -ekhis -ebakhis -istis -akhis -erekhis -isekhis -ethe
3P -end; -und¹ -eband -erund -and -erend -isend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending -und instead of -end), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

-ire verbs

Infinitive -ire
Gerund -inde
Participle -ithu, -itha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite
1S -o¹ -iba -í² -a -ire -ese -a¹
2S -is -ibas -isti -as -ires -ises -i
3S -ith -ibath -íth² -ath -ireth -iseth -ath¹
1P -imus -ibamus -imus -amus -iremus -isemus -amus¹
2P -ikhis -ibakhis -istis -akhis -irekhis -isekhis -ithe
3P -und¹ -iband -erund -and -irend -isend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

Important irregular verbs

fire "to be"
Infinitive fire
Gerund finde
Participle fithu, fitha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S sun fiba fui sia fire fuise fia
2S es fibas fuisti sias fires fueses fi
3S est fibath fuith siath fireth fueseth fiath
1P sumus fibamus fuimus siamus firemus fuesemus fiamus
2P sukhis fibakhis fuistis siakhis firekhis fuesekhis fiathe
3P sund fiband fuerund siand firend fuesend fiant
aire "to have"
Infinitive aire
Gerund ainde
Participle authu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S ajo aiba api aja aire apese aja
2S as aibas apisti ajas aires apeses a
3S ath aibath apith ajath aireth apeseth ajath
1P aimus aibamus apimus ajamus airemus apesemus ajamus
2P aikhis aibakhis apistis ajakhis airekhis apesekhis aithe
3P and aiband aperund ajand airend apesend ajand
dere "to have to"
Infinitive dere
Gerund dende
Participle duthu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S dejo deba depi deja dere depese deja
2S des debas depisti dejas deres depeses de
3S deth debath depith dejath dereth depeseth dejath
1P demus debamus depimus dejamus deremus depesemus dejamus
2P dekhis debakhis depistis dejakhis derekhis depesekhis dethe
3P dend deband ddperund dejand derend depesend dejand
stare "to stay"
Infinitive stare
Gerund stande
Participle stathu, statha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S sto staba stethi stia stare stethese stia
2S stas stabas stethisti stias stares stetheses sta
3S stath stabath stethith stiath stareth stetheseth stiath
1P stamus stabamus stethimus stiamus staremus stethesemus stiamus
2P stakhis stabakhis stethistis stiakhis starekhis stethesekhis stathe
3P stand staband stetherund stiand starend stethesend stiand
dare "to give"
Infinitive dare
Gerund dande
Participle dathu, datha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S do daba dedi dia dare dedese dia
2S das dabas dedisti dias dares dedeses da
3S dath dabath dedith diath dareth dedeseth diath
1P damus dabamus dedimus diamus daremus dedesemus diamus
2P dakhis dabakhis dedistis diakhis darekhis dedesekhis dathe
3P dand daband dederund diand darend dedesend diand
fakhere "to do, make"
Infinitive fakhere
Gerund fakhende
Participle fatu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S facho fakheba fekhi facha fakhere fekhese facha
2S fakhes fakhebas fekhisti fachas fakheres fekheses fakhe
3S fakheth fakhebath fekhith fachath fakhereth fekheseth fachath
1P fakhemus fakhebamus fekhimus fachamus fakheremus fekhesemus fachamus
2P fakhethis¹ fakhebakhis fekhistis fachakhis fakherekhis fekhesekhis fakhethe
3P fachund fakheband fekherund fachand fakherend fekhesend fachand

Notes:

¹ This dissimilation of -khis to -this is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.

dikhere "to say"
Infinitive dikhere
Gerund dikhende
Participle ditu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S dikho dikheba disi dikha dikhere disese dikha
2S dikhes dikhebas disisti dikhas dikheres diseses dikhe
3S dikheth dikhebath disith dikhath dikhereth diseseth dikhath
1P dikhemus dikhebamus disimus dikhamus dikheremus disesemus dikhamus
2P dikhethis dikhebakhis disistis dikhathis dikherekhis disesekhis dikhethe
3P dikhend dikheband diserund dikhand dikherend disesend dikhand

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time

Months in Cathardic
English Cathardic
January jangwalju
February febralju
March malchu
April aprí
May manju
June junju
July lunju
August austu
September setembre
October otombre
November nobembre
December dekhembre
Days in Cathardic
English Cathardic
Sunday difilma
Monday disekhuna
Tuesday dithelcha
Wednesday dikhwalta
Thursday dikhwinda
Friday disesta
Saturday disápathi

Example texts

Other resources