Chelsian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 505: Line 505:
The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part.
The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part.


Many verbs in the third and forth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing ''-(i)ō'' from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness.
Many verbs in the second to fourth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing ''-(i)ō'' from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness.


In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft.
In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft.
Line 515: Line 515:
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō'' || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę''
| ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō''¹ || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę''
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S

Revision as of 18:50, 10 July 2022

Chelsian (Native: čelsa linga /ˈtɕɛɫsa ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ/, čelsōrų linga /tɕɛɫˈsoːruː ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ/) is a highly conservative Romance language with Baltic influence.

Chelsian
čelsōrų linga
Pronunciation[tɕɛɫˈsoːruː ˈlʲɪŋɡɐ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Classical Latin
  • Middle Chelsian

Introduction

Etymology

From Latin celsus.

Features

Phonological

  • Preserves original vowel length and quality.
  • Preserved long nasal vowels into its recent history, then merged them with plain long vowels (but they are kept distinct in writing).
  • Original velars became alveolar/dental fricatives/affricates before /i/ and postalveolar fricatives/affricates before /e/.
    • This is because palatalization before /i/ and before /e/ occurred separately at different times.
  • Original labiovelars became plain velars in all positions.
  • Innovated hard/soft consonant distinction.
  • Glide v- inserted before word-initial o- (long or short).
  • Glide j- inserted before word-initial e- and i- (long or short).
  • Original au preserved as a diphthong.
  • Original ae merged with long e in most cases, but was kept distinct in 1st declension noun inflectional endings (later merged in pronunciation but without palatalization).
    • This may have actually been through an intermediate phase -āī rather than descending directly from Classical Latin -ae.
  • Original oe merged with long e in all cases.

Grammatical

  • Preserves case inflection.
  • No articles.
  • Modifier precedes noun.

Phonology

Orthography

Vowels
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Remarks
a [ɐ]
ā [äː]
ą
e [ɛ ~ e̞] [ɛ] before hard consonants. [e̞] before soft consonants and word-finally.
ē [æː ~ ɛː ~ eː] [æː] before hard consonants. [ɛː] before soft consonants. [eː] word-finally.
ę
æ
i [ɪ] /jɪ/ word-initially.
ī [iː] /jiː/ word-initially.
į
o [ɔ]
ō [oː]
ǫ
u [ʊ]
ū [uː]
ų
y [ɪ] Used to represent unpalatalized /ɪ/ and /iː/ in loanwords (especially word-initially).
ȳ [iː]
Diphthongs
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Remarks
ai [äɪ̯]
au [ɐʊ̯]
eu [e̞ʊ̯]
Consonants
Grapheme Sound (IPA)
Hard Soft
b b
c t̪͡s̪ t͡sʲ
č t͡ʃ t͡ɕ
ch x
d
dz d̪͡z̪ d͡zʲ
d͡ʒ d͡ʑ
f f
g ɡ ɡʲ
h ɦ ɣʲ
j j
k k
l ɫ
m m
n
p p
r r
s
š ʃ ɕ
t
v ʋ
z
ž ʒ ʑ

Consonants are always palatalized (soft) before ⟨e, ē, ę, i, ī, į⟩. Before ⟨a, ā, ą, æ, o, ō, ǫ, u, ū, ų⟩, palatalization is denoted by inserting an ⟨i⟩ between the consonant and the vowel.

Uniquely, ⟨j⟩ is always palatalized regardless of position.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Stress generally follows Classical Latin rules.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

First declension

1st declension endings
Case Singular Plural
nominative -a
genitive -ārų
dative -āvīs
accusative -ās
locative -āvīs
vocative -a

Second declension

2nd declension endings
Case Singular Plural
m. n. m. n.
nominative -(i)us -(i)ų -(i)a
genitive -(i)ōrų
dative -(i)ō -īs
accusative -(i)ų -(i)ōs -(i)a
locative -(i)ō -īs
vocative -e -(i)ų -(i)a

Third declension

3rd declension endings
Case Singular Plural
m./f. n. m./f. n.
nominative (various) -ēs -(i)a
genitive -is -(i)ų
dative -ivīs
accusative (same as nom.) -ēs -(i)a
locative -e -ivīs
vocative (same as nom.) -ēs -(i)a

Fourth declension

4th declension endings
Case Singular Plural
m./f. n. m./f. n.
nominative -us -ūs -uva
genitive -uvis, -ūs -uvų, -ų
dative -uvī, -ui -uvīs
accusative -ūs -uva
locative -uvīs
vocative -us -ūs -uva

Fifth declension

4th declension endings
Case Singular Plural
m./f. m./f.
nominative -ēs -ēs
genitive -ei -ērų
dative -ei -ēvīs
accusative -ēs
locative -ēvīs
vocative -ēs -ēs

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Note: The cases have been reordered for convenience, since nominative & accusative forms are often identical as are dative & locative. The vocative has been excluded since it is always identical to the nominative.

Personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Locative
1 sg. all jehō mejus, -a, -ų mivī
pl. all nōs nostrus, -a, -ų nōvīs
2 sg. all tuvus, -a, -ų tivī
pl. all vōs vostrus, -a, -ų vōvīs
3 sg. m. isse issų issījus, -a, -ų issui issī
f. issa issą issējus, -a, -ų issei issæ
n. issut issījus, -a, -ų issui issī
pl. m. issī issōs issōrus, -a, -ų issīs
f. issæ issās issārus, -a, -ų issāvīs
n. issa issōrus, -a, -ų issīs
Reflexive all suvus, -a, -ų sivī

Verbs

Verbs are split into four conjugations that can be identified by their present active infinitive endings:

  • 1st conjugation: -āre
  • 2nd conjugation: -ēre
  • 3rd conjugation: -ere
  • 4th conjugation: -īre

Principal parts

The full conjugation of most verbs (except some irregular verbs such as essere "to be") can be derived from their principal parts.

The principle parts are:

  • 1st person singular present indicative - from which the secondary present stem is derived
  • Present active infinitive - from which the primary present stem is derived
  • 1st person singular preterite - from which the perfect stem is derived
  • Supine - from which the supine stem is derived

Forms based on the present stem

The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere, or -īre) from the second principal part.

Many verbs in the second to fourth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing -(i)ō from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness.

In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an -i- before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in -j-). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft.

Finite tenses based on the present stem
Person/
number
Present indicative Present subjunctive Imperfect indicative Imperfect subjunctive
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
1S -(i)ō -iō¹ -[i]ō¹ -iō¹ -(i)ą¹ -(i)āvą -ēvą¹ -(i)ārę -ērę -erę -īrę
2S -(i)ās -ēs -is -īs -ēs -(i)ās¹ -āvās -ēvās¹ -(i)ārēs -ērēs -erēs -īrēs
3S -(i)at -et -it -it -et -(i)at¹ -āvat -ēvat¹ -(i)āret -ēret -eret -īret
1P -(i)āmus -ēmus -imus -īmus -ēmus -(i)āmus¹ -āvāmus -ēvāmus¹ -(i)ārēmus -ērēmus -erēmus -īrēmus
2P -(i)ātis -ētis -itis -ītis -ētis -(i)ātis¹ -āvātis -ēvātis¹ -(i)ārētis -ērētis -erētis -īrētis
3P -(i)ant -ent -(i)unt¹ -[i]unt¹ -ent -(i)ant¹ -āvant -ēvant¹ -(i)ārent -ērent -erent -īrent

Notes: ¹ Uses the secondary present stem (if applicable).

Forms based on the perfect stem

Forms based on the supine stem

Compound tenses

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example Texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Tōtī vominēs naščunt līverī jet jekālēs in dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēviunt ažere inter sē in frāternitātis spīritī.

[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈʋɔmʲɪnʲæːs ˈnɐʃtʃʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt dʲɛːvʲʊnt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]

Other resources