Linguifex

Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Chlouvānem (view source)

Revision as of 13:06, 3 March 2018

907 bytes removed ,  3 March 2018
m
→‎Phonology - Yāṃstarlā
Line 103: Line 103:


===Consonants - Hīmbeyāṃsai===
===Consonants - Hīmbeyāṃsai===
Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 47 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyāṃsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yāṃsa'' (sound). The following table organizes consonants by their behaviour - thus, for example, the treatment of the phonetic affricates /c͡ɕ(ʰ) ɟ͡ʑ(ʱ)/ as stops.
Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 48 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyāṃsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yāṃsa'' (sound). The following table organizes consonants by their behaviour - thus, for example, the treatment of the phonetic affricates /c͡ɕ(ʰ) ɟ͡ʑ(ʱ)/ as stops.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
Line 114: Line 114:
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
| '''''p''''' p<br/>'''''ph''''' pʰ || '''''t''''' t̪<br/>'''''th''''' t̪ʰ || '''''tь''''' tʲ<br/>'''''thь''''' tʲʰ || '''''ṭ''''' ʈ<br/>'''''ṭh''''' ʈʰ || '''''c''''' c͡ɕ<br/>'''''ch''''' c͡ɕʰ || '''''k''''' k～q<br/>'''''kh''''' kʰ～qʰ || '''''ɂ''''' ʔ
| '''''p''''' p<br/>'''''ph''''' pʰ || '''''t''''' t̪<br/>'''''th''''' t̪ʰ || '''''tь''''' tʲ<br/>'''''thь''''' tʲʰ || '''''ṭ''''' ʈ<br/>'''''ṭh''''' ʈʰ || '''''c''''' c͡ɕ<br/>'''''ch''''' c͡ɕʰ || '''''k''''' k～q<br/>'''''kh''''' kʰ～qʰ || '''''ɂ''''' ʔ<br/>'''''ġ''''' ʡ<sup><small>7</small></sup>
|-
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
! <small>Voiced</small>
Line 120: Line 120:
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Fricatives
! colspan=2 | Fricatives
| '''''f''''' f～ɸ<sup><small>7</small></sup> || '''''s''''' s || '''''sь''''' sʲ || '''''ṣ''''' ʂ || '''''š''''' ɕ ||  || '''''h''''' ɦ<sup><small>8</small></sup>
| || '''''s''''' s || '''''sь''''' sʲ || '''''ṣ''''' ʂ || '''''š''''' ɕ ||  || '''''h''''' ɦ<br/>'''''ħ''''' ħ<sup><small>8</small></sup>
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
! colspan=2 | Approximants
Line 132: Line 132:
# The realization of the sequences orthographically marked as '''lk lkh lg lgh''' varies regionally and, therefore, the '''l'''-phoneme can in these contexts be realized as either [ŋ] or [ɴ]. In most local Chlouvānem pronunciations, these sequences are [ŋk(ʰ) ŋɡ(ʱ)] but, in areas including notably Līlasuṃghāṇa, most of the southern Jade Coast, and the South, they are [ɴq(ʰ) ɴɢ(ʱ)].
# The realization of the sequences orthographically marked as '''lk lkh lg lgh''' varies regionally and, therefore, the '''l'''-phoneme can in these contexts be realized as either [ŋ] or [ɴ]. In most local Chlouvānem pronunciations, these sequences are [ŋk(ʰ) ŋɡ(ʱ)] but, in areas including notably Līlasuṃghāṇa, most of the southern Jade Coast, and the South, they are [ɴq(ʰ) ɴɢ(ʱ)].
# /ɴ/ contrasts with other nasals only before non-labial voiced stops, where it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel.
# /ɴ/ contrasts with other nasals only before non-labial voiced stops, where it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel.
# Both allophones are found, in free variation in some pronunciations (e.g. Ilēnimarta, Galiākina, Western Plain), as conditional allophones in others (e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa, coastal Jade Coast), while some only use the [f] one (e.g. Cami and most of the Far East). For this reason, the phoneme is usually transcribed /f/.
# Traditionally treated as the aspirate version of /Ɂ/, despite varying behaviour (e.g. in reduplication)
# /ɦ/ may be realized in various ways, including uvular or velar voiceless fricatives, especially when at the end of a word.
# /ɦ/ and /ħ/ do not contrast word-finally, and word-final '''h''' represents /ħ/. In the Chlouvānem script, word-final '''h''' is actually a different glyph, even if considered a variant of normal, /ɦ/-representing, '''h'''.
# /ʋ/ may be realized as [f] before voiceless consonants; this is <small>NOT</small> reflected orthographically.
# /ʋ/ may be realized as [f] before voiceless consonants; this is <small>NOT</small> reflected orthographically.
# /ʀ/ is often realized as [ʁ] after consonants, especially after coronal stops, and as [ɽ] or [ɻ] adjacent to retroflex consonants. In coda it is usually vocalized to [ɐ̯], except when before a retroflex consonant. Intervocalically, it becomes [ħ] for many speakers.
# /ʀ/ is often realized as [ʁ] after consonants, especially after coronal stops, and as [ɽ] or [ɻ] adjacent to retroflex consonants. In coda it is usually vocalized to [ɐ̯], except when before a retroflex consonant. Intervocalically, it becomes [ħ] for many speakers.
Line 139: Line 139:


Some allophonic variations not proper of standard Chlouvānem but widespread in many areas:<br/>
Some allophonic variations not proper of standard Chlouvānem but widespread in many areas:<br/>
'''f''' is realized as [ɸ] in those few words where it occurs before /p/ (e.g. ''kafpa'' (a sardine-like fish) [kaɸpa]) or word-finally (all interjections, such as ''hųf!'' "phew!" [ɦṳɸ]); in many pronunciations (notably in Yāmbirhālih, Galiākina, and across Lgraṃñælihaikā diocese, and also increasingly found among young speakers in Līlasuṃghāṇa) it is also realized this way before /u uː ṳ/ (e.g. ''maifu'' "enough" [maɪ̯ɸu]).
/j/ and /ʋ/ are often deleted before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [inaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaɦ/ [kaːiːc͡ɕʰaɦ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.inaːm].<br/>
 
Not proper of standard Chlouvānem but so widespread it is now by far the most common pronunciation is also the deletion of /j/ and /ʋ/ before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [inaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaɦ/ [kaːiːc͡ɕʰaɦ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.inaːm].<br/>
Pronouncing /ʀʲ/ as [ʐ] or [ʑ] is also a fairly common thing across the East and Northeast; it is nearly universal among young people and in certain areas (most notably the area of the Padeikoli Gulf, including most of the diocese of Padeikola, coastal areas of Lågnemba, and the northern third of Hachitama) it is the norm, with [ʀʲ] being found only as a gerontolectal feature. The palatalized stops are also often pronounced with a noticeable sibilant release, especially in the eastern part of the Jade Coast among younger speakers.
Pronouncing /ʀʲ/ as [ʐ] or [ʑ] is also a fairly common thing across the East and Northeast; it is nearly universal among young people and in certain areas (most notably the area of the Padeikoli Gulf, including most of the diocese of Padeikola, coastal areas of Lågnemba, and the northern third of Hachitama) it is the norm, with [ʀʲ] being found only as a gerontolectal feature. The palatalized stops are also often pronounced with a noticeable sibilant release, especially in the eastern part of the Jade Coast among younger speakers.


The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [enɛɪ̯basaː].
The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [enɛɪ̯basaː].
There are also lots of regional variations for /ɦ/ at the end of a word, with a particularly common realization being [χ] (as in e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa and Galiākina), like ''lilah'' /ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ/ [ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aχ] (I/(s)he/it/they live(s)).


/ɴ̆/'s realization is usually uniform across the Chlouvānem-speaking world. However, in the Near and Southern Far East, it is often denasalized to [ɢ̆] after stops. The occurrence of this process varies even for a single speaker, but it's more common in the area around Līlikanāna.
/ɴ̆/'s realization is usually uniform across the Chlouvānem-speaking world. However, in the Near and Southern Far East, it is often denasalized to [ɢ̆] after stops. The occurrence of this process varies even for a single speaker, but it's more common in the area around Līlikanāna.
Lili21
8,510

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/106148"