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Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology - Yāṃstarlā== | ==Phonology - Yāṃstarlā== | ||
Chlouvānem is phonologically very conservative from Proto-Lahob as it has not had a lot of changes - however, those few it had have had the effect of strongly raising the total number of phonemes, developing a few distinctions that, while not rare themselves, are rarely found all together in the same language | Chlouvānem is phonologically very conservative from Proto-Lahob as it has not had a lot of changes - however, those few it had have had the effect of strongly raising the total number of phonemes, developing a few distinctions that, while not rare themselves, are rarely found all together in the same language. | ||
===Consonants - Hīmbeyāṃsai=== | ===Consonants - Hīmbeyāṃsai=== | ||
Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with | Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 39 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyāṃsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yāṃsa'' (sound). The following table organizes consonants by their behaviour - thus, for example, the treatment of the phonetic affricates /c͡ɕ(ʰ) ɟ͡ʑ(ʱ)/ as stops. | ||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | {| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labials<br/><small>''hærṣoke''</small> !! Dentals<br/><small>''aṣṭrūke''</small> !! Retroflexes<br/><small>''āḍhyāsūke''</small> !! Palatals<br/><small>''dehāṃlūdvyūke''</small> !! Velars<br/><small>''bhyodilūdvyūke''</small> !! Laryngeals<br/><small>''diṇḍhūke''</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasals<sup><small>1</small></sup><br/><small>''mantaiyai''</small> | |||
| '''''m''''' m || '''''n''''' n<sup><small>2</small></sup> || '''''ṇ''''' ɳ || '''''ñ''''' ɲ || ''l'' [ŋ～ɴ]<sup><small>3</small></sup> || '''''ṃ''''' ɴ<sup><small>4</small></sup> | |||
! colspan=2 | Nasals<sup><small> | |||
| '''''m''''' m | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Stops<br/><small>''aspṛšē''</small> !! <small>Unvoiced<br/>''uṣmąlkai''</small> | ! rowspan=2 | Stops<br/><small>''aspṛšē''</small> !! <small>Unvoiced<br/>''uṣmąlkai''</small> | ||
| '''''p''''' p<br/>'''''ph''''' pʰ || '''''t''''' t̪<br/>'''''th''''' t̪ʰ | | '''''p''''' p<br/>'''''ph''''' pʰ || '''''t''''' t̪<br/>'''''th''''' t̪ʰ || '''''ṭ''''' ʈ<br/>'''''ṭh''''' ʈʰ || '''''c''''' c͡ɕ<br/>'''''ch''''' c͡ɕʰ || '''''k''''' k～q<br/>'''''kh''''' kʰ～qʰ || '''''ɂ''''' ʔ<br/>'''''ƾ''''' ʡ<sup><small>5</small></sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Voiced<br/>''lāmąlkai''</small> | ! <small>Voiced<br/>''lāmąlkai''</small> | ||
| '''''b''''' b<br/>'''''bh''''' bʱ || '''''d''''' d̪<br/>'''''dh''''' d̪ʱ | | '''''b''''' b<br/>'''''bh''''' bʱ || '''''d''''' d̪<br/>'''''dh''''' d̪ʱ || '''''ḍ''''' ɖ<br/>'''''ḍh''''' ɖʱ || '''''j''''' ɟ͡ʑ<br/>'''''jh''''' ɟ͡ʑʱ || '''''g''''' ɡ～ɢ<br/>'''''gh''''' ɡʱ～ɢʱ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Fricatives<br/><small>''kāvubuñjñē''</small> | ! colspan=2 | Fricatives<br/><small>''kāvubuñjñē''</small> | ||
| || '''''s''''' s | | || '''''s''''' s || '''''ṣ''''' ʂ || '''''š''''' ɕ || || '''''h''''' ɦ<br/>'''''ħ''''' ħ<sup><small>6</small></sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Approximants<br/><small>''taberdīyai''</small> | ! colspan=2 | Approximants<br/><small>''taberdīyai''</small> | ||
| '''''v''''' ʋ<sup><small> | | '''''v''''' ʋ<sup><small>7</small></sup> || || || '''''y''''' j || || '''''r''''' ʀ<sup><small>8</small></sup><br/>'''''l''''' ɴ̆<small><sup>9</sup></small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Table notes: | Table notes: | ||
# All nasals except /ɴ/ may be said to be a single phoneme /N/ when preceding another consonant (except /j/), as they assimilate to the following consonant's PoA. | # All nasals except /ɴ/ may be said to be a single phoneme /N/ when preceding another consonant (except /j/), as they assimilate to the following consonant's PoA. | ||
# Realized as [ŋ] word-finally after high monophthongs (/i iː i̤ u uː ṳ/) and as vowel nasalization after the others, including diphthongs. | # Realized as [ŋ] word-finally after high monophthongs (/i iː i̤ u uː ṳ/) and as vowel nasalization after the others, including diphthongs. | ||
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Some allophonic variations not proper of standard Chlouvānem but widespread in many areas:<br/> | Some allophonic variations not proper of standard Chlouvānem but widespread in many areas:<br/> | ||
/j/ and /ʋ/ are often deleted before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [inaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaħ/ [kaːiːc͡ɕʰaħ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.inaːm] | /j/ and /ʋ/ are often deleted before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [inaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaħ/ [kaːiːc͡ɕʰaħ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.inaːm]. | ||
The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [enɛɪ̯basaː]. | The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [enɛɪ̯basaː]. | ||
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Labial stops are mostly unchanged, except for original *pʰ being reflected as '''ħ''', presumably through the intermediate stages */pʰ/ > */ɸ/ > */hʷ～χʷ～xʷ/ > /ħ/ (the same fate was followed by PLB *pw). Chlouvānem '''ph''' arises from PLB *kʷʰ. | Labial stops are mostly unchanged, except for original *pʰ being reflected as '''ħ''', presumably through the intermediate stages */pʰ/ > */ɸ/ > */hʷ～χʷ～xʷ/ > /ħ/ (the same fate was followed by PLB *pw). Chlouvānem '''ph''' arises from PLB *kʷʰ. | ||
Labiovelar stops are the only ones that show the most changes: the aspirates have become true labial aspirates (*kʷʰ > pʰ; *ɡʷʱ > bʱ), while the plain ones have backed to /ʡ/ ''' | Labiovelar stops are the only ones that show the most changes: the aspirates have become true labial aspirates (*kʷʰ > pʰ; *ɡʷʱ > bʱ), while the plain ones have backed to /ʡ/ '''ƾ'''. | ||
PLB *l, *ŋ, *ŋʷ, and *ʕ (conventional representation for a laryngeal sound) all merged into /ɴ̆/ '''l'''. | PLB *l, *ŋ, *ŋʷ, and *ʕ (conventional representation for a laryngeal sound) all merged into /ɴ̆/ '''l'''. | ||
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* Alveolars and velars shift to palatals (e.g. ''k'' + ''y'' or ''t'' + ''y'' → ''c''); | * Alveolars and velars shift to palatals (e.g. ''k'' + ''y'' or ''t'' + ''y'' → ''c''); | ||
* ''h'' + ''y'' → ''š''; | * ''h'' + ''y'' → ''š''; | ||
* '''ɂ''' and ''' | * '''ɂ''' and '''ƾ''' remain unchanged; | ||
* All other consonants get a /j/ glide (written '''y'''). | * All other consonants get a /j/ glide (written '''y'''). | ||