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Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions
→Phonology
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 55 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. | Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 55 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. | ||
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| '''Low''' || æ || a aː || ɑ̤ | | '''Low''' || æ || a aː || ɑ̤ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Diphthongs''' || aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eɐ̯ || ɔə̯ || aʊ̯ ɔu̯ uo̯ | | '''Diphthongs''' || aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eɐ̯ a̤ɪ̯ e̤ɪ̯ || ɔə̯ || aʊ̯ ɔu̯ uo̯ a̤ʊ̯ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Syllabic consonants''' || || ʀ̩ ʀ̩ː || | | '''Syllabic consonants''' || || ʀ̩ ʀ̩ː || | ||
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Writing system - Jīmalāṇa== | |||
Chlouvānem has been written since the late First Era in an alphabet called ''Chlouvānaumi jīmalāṇa'' ("Chlouvānem alphabet", the noun ''jīmalāṇa'' is actually a collective derivation from ''jīma'' "character"), developed with influence of the script used for the ancient Kūṣṛmāthi language, which, however, was an abugida. The orthography for Chlouvānem represents how it was pronounced in Classical times, but it's completely regular to read in all present-day local pronunciations. | |||
The Chlouvānem alphabet is actually a defective script, at least in normal writing, as the phoneme /a/ is usually not written. It can be written with a diacritic sign, but this is only done in books aimed at children or language learners, in dictionaries, or in some rare cases where disambiguation is necessary, as two following letters may represent either a consonant cluster or there could be an /a/ between them; word-initial /a/ is however written with the character that represents the glottal stop otherwise. To make some examples, in the Chlouvānem script a word like ''marta'' "city" is written <mrt>, while ''avyāṣa'' "time, moment" is written <'vyāṣ>: Chlouvānem speakers are however able in the vast majority of cases to tell which word is meant due to context. Note that, however, the letter <a> is a proper letter of the alphabet, usually written as <ʔ> with the <a> diacritic. | |||
The romanization used for Chlouvānem avoids this problem by giving each phoneme a single character or digraph, but it stays as close as possible to the native script. Aspirated stops and diphthongs are romanized as digraphs and not by single letters; geminate letters, which are represented with a diacritic in the native script, are romanized by writing the consonant twice - in the aspirated stops, only the first letter is written twice, so /ppʰ/ is <pph> and not *<phph>. The following table contains the whole Chlouvānem alphabet as it is romanized, following the native alphabetical order: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''m''' || '''p''' || '''ph''' || '''b''' || '''bh''' || '''f''' || '''v''' || '''n''' || '''t''' || '''th''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /m/ || /p/ || /pʰ/ || /b/ || /bʱ/ || /f/ || /ʋ/ || /n/ || /t̪/ || /t̪ʰ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''d''' || '''dh''' || '''ç''' || '''çh''' || '''x''' || '''xh''' || '''s''' || '''ϑ''' || '''ð''' || '''ṇ''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /d̪/ || /d̪ʱ/ || /t̪͡s/ || /t̪͡sʰ/ || /d̪͡z/ || /d̪͡zʱ/ || /s/ || /θ/ || /ð̞/ || /ɳ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''ṭ''' || '''ṭh''' || '''ḍ''' || '''ḍh''' || '''ṣ''' || '''ř''' || '''ñ''' || '''c''' || '''ch''' || '''j''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /ʈ/ || /ʈʰ/ || /ɖ/ || /dʱ/ || /ʂ/ || /ɻ/ || /ɳ/ || /c͡ɕ/ || /c͡ɕʰ/ || /ɟ͡ʑ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''jh''' || '''š''' || '''y''' || '''k''' || '''kh''' || '''g''' || '''gh''' || '''ṃ''' || '''ʔ''' || '''h''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /ɟ͡ʑʱ/ || /ɕ/ || /j/ || /k/ || /kʰ/ || /g/ || /gʱ/ || /N/ || /ʔ/ || /ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''r''' || '''l''' || '''ь<ref>Romanized as <i> before vowels</ref>''' || '''i''' || '''ī''' || '''į''' || '''u''' || '''ū''' || '''ų''' || '''e''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /ʀ/ || /ɴ̆/, /ŋ/ || /ʲ/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /i̤/ || /u/ || /uː/ || /ṳ/ || /e/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''ė''' || '''ę''' || '''o''' || '''æ''' || '''a''' || '''ā''' || '''ą''' || '''ai''' || '''ąi''' || '''ei''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /eː/ || /e̤/ || /ɔ/ || /æ/ || /a/ || /aː/ || /ɑ̤/ || /aɪ̯/ || /a̤ɪ̯/ || /eɪ̯/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''Letter''' || '''ęi''' || '''ea''' || '''oe''' || '''au''' || '''ąu''' || '''ou''' || '''uo''' || '''ṛ''' || '''ṝ''' || | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sound''' || /e̤ɪ̯/ || /eɐ̯/ || /ɔə̯/ || /aʊ̯/ || /a̤ʊ̯/ || /ɔʊ̯/ || /uo̯/ || /ʀ̩/ || /ʀ̩ː/ || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||