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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Chlouvānem | |name = Chlouvānem | ||
|nativname = | |nativname = Chlǣvānumi dældā | ||
|pronunciation = [ | |pronunciation = [c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɛːˈʋaːnumʲi dɛɴ̆ˈdaː] | ||
|states (state) = lands of the [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Inquisition]] (Murkadhāni bhælā) | |states (state) = lands of the [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Inquisition]] (Murkadhāni bhælā) | ||
|region = Eastern third and most of the South of the continent of Greater Evandor | |region = Eastern third and most of the South of the continent of Greater Evandor | ||
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|agency = Inquisitorial Office of the Language (dældi flušamila) | |agency = Inquisitorial Office of the Language (dældi flušamila) | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chlouvānem''', natively ''' | '''Chlouvānem''', natively '''chlǣvānumi dældā''' ("language of the Chlouvānem people"), is the most spoken language on the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]] (Chl.: ''Liloejāṃrya''). It is the official language of the Inquisition (''murkadhāna'') and its country, the [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem lands]] (''chlouvānumi bhælā''<ref>Commonly ''murkadhāni bhælā'' “Land of the Inquisition”, officially referred to as ''chlouvānumi murkadhāni bhælā'' “Land(s) of the Chlouvānem Inquisition”) </ref>), the main lingua franca across vast areas of Márusúturon - most importantly Brono, Fathan, iKalurilut, and all other countries of the former Kaiṣamā, and, due to cultural exchanges and influences in the last seven hundred years, also a well known language in Greater Skyrdagor.<br/>It is the [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti religion]]'s liturgical language. | ||
The language currently known as Chlouvānem was first attested about 2400 years ago in documents from the Lällshag civilization, as the language of a [[Lahob languages|Lahob-speaking]] people that settled in the southern part of the Lāmiejāya-Lāmberah plain, particularly near Lūlunīkam Lake. Near the end of the First Era of the Chlouvānem calendar (itself an adaptation of the Lällshag one), the ''Chlamiṣvatrā'', the great Prophet of the Yunyalīlta, lived and taught her doctrine in the Chlouvānem language, paving the way for it to gain the role of most important language and lingua franca in the at the time massively linguistically fragmented lower Plain. While the Chlamiṣvatrā's language is what we now call "Archaic Chlouvānem" ('' | The language currently known as Chlouvānem was first attested about 2400 years ago in documents from the Lällshag civilization, as the language of a [[Lahob languages|Lahob-speaking]] people that settled in the southern part of the Lāmiejāya-Lāmberah plain, particularly near Lūlunīkam Lake. Near the end of the First Era of the Chlouvānem calendar (itself an adaptation of the Lällshag one), the ''Chlamiṣvatrā'', the great Prophet of the Yunyalīlta, lived and taught her doctrine in the Chlouvānem language, paving the way for it to gain the role of most important language and lingua franca in the at the time massively linguistically fragmented lower Plain. While the Chlamiṣvatrā's language is what we now call "Archaic Chlouvānem" (''chlǣvānumi sārvire dældā''), most of the Yunyalīlti doctrine as we now know it is in the later stage of Classical Chlouvānem (''chlouvānumi lallapårṣire dældā''), a koiné developed in the third to fifth centuries of the Second Era. Since then, for nearly two millennia, this classical language has been kept alive as the lingua franca in the Yunyalīlti world, resulting in the state of diglossia that persists today. | ||
Despite the fact that local vernaculars in most of the Inquisition are in fact daughter languages of Chlouvānem or creoles based on it, the '' | Despite the fact that local vernaculars in most of the Inquisition are in fact daughter languages of Chlouvānem or creoles based on it, the ''chlǣvānumi dældā'' is a fully living language as every Chlouvānem person is bilingual in it and in the local vernacular; in the last half century there have been instances where the classical language itself has been replacing some vernaculars due to internal migrations, both forced and voluntary ones. About 1,4 billion people on the planet define themselves as native Chlouvānem speakers, more than for any other Calémerian language. | ||
Chlouvānem (not counting separately its own daughter languages) is by far the most spoken of the [[Lahob languages]] (more than 99.98% of Lahob speakers), and the only one of the family to have been written before the contemporary era. It is, however, the geographical outlier of the family, due to the almost 10,000 km long migration of the Ur-Chlouvānem from the Proto-Lahob homeland at the northern tip of Evandor. Chlouvānem, due to its ancientness, still retains much of the complex morphology of Proto-Lahob, but its vocabulary has been vastly changed by language contact, especially after the Chlouvānem settled in the Plain, where they effectively became a métis ethnicity by intermixing with neighboring peoples. Still, it is possible to find lots of cognates between it and its distant relatives, even with the same meanings, like the words for "lake" (''gėrisa'', cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''hetłi'', < PLB *gegriso) or "worm" (''tūlum'', exactly the same as PLB *tūlum, cf. Łaȟ. and Łokow ''toł'') - or even how one of the Tundra Pwaɬasd-speaking tribes is known as ''gěɬowupěn'', which has exactly the same origin (and meaning - "golden clan") as the word '' | Chlouvānem (not counting separately its own daughter languages) is by far the most spoken of the [[Lahob languages]] (more than 99.98% of Lahob speakers), and the only one of the family to have been written before the contemporary era. It is, however, the geographical outlier of the family, due to the almost 10,000 km long migration of the Ur-Chlouvānem from the Proto-Lahob homeland at the northern tip of Evandor. Chlouvānem, due to its ancientness, still retains much of the complex morphology of Proto-Lahob, but its vocabulary has been vastly changed by language contact, especially after the Chlouvānem settled in the Plain, where they effectively became a métis ethnicity by intermixing with neighboring peoples. Still, it is possible to find lots of cognates between it and its distant relatives, even with the same meanings, like the words for "lake" (''gėrisa'', cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''hetłi'', < PLB *gegriso) or "worm" (''tūlum'', exactly the same as PLB *tūlum, cf. Łaȟ. and Łokow ''toł'') - or even how one of the Tundra Pwaɬasd-speaking tribes is known as ''gěɬowupěn'', which has exactly the same origin (and meaning - "golden clan") as the word ''chlǣvānem''. | ||
→ ''See [[Chlouvānem/Lexicon|Chlouvānem lexicon]] for a list of common words.'' | → ''See [[Chlouvānem/Lexicon|Chlouvānem lexicon]] for a list of common words.'' | ||
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''Chlouvānem'' is the ninth radically restructured version of [[Laceyiam]]; ''[[User:Lili21|I]]'' started creating it in late November 2016 as I found some parts of my conworld which were too unrealistic to work - and as such by changing the whole conworld I had to change the language. I took that opportunity to change some things in the grammar that, while I liked them and they worked well, I wanted to do in some different way — mainly this arises from my love of more complex inflection patterns. As such, compared to Laceyiam, Chlouvānem has much more influences from ''Sanskrit'' and ''Lithuanian'' (which always were my main influences anyway); other natlangs that influenced me a lot are ''Russian'', ''Adyghe'', ''Latvian'', ''Old Norse'' (and to a lesser extent also ''Danish'' and ''Icelandic''), ''Proto-Indo-European'', ''(Biblical) Hebrew'', ''Latin'', and ''Japanese'', while its actual in-world use is inspired by ''Arabic''. Still it is an a priori language and, despite having much in common with all of these (particularly with the IE ones), is also strikingly different (the Austronesian morphosyntactic alignment, morphological expression of evidentiality and more broadly the particular emphasis on moods probably being the most noticeable things). Moreover, I tried to create a language very different from my native language (Italian) while keeping many - not so apparent - similarities.<br /> | ''Chlouvānem'' is the ninth radically restructured version of [[Laceyiam]]; ''[[User:Lili21|I]]'' started creating it in late November 2016 as I found some parts of my conworld which were too unrealistic to work - and as such by changing the whole conworld I had to change the language. I took that opportunity to change some things in the grammar that, while I liked them and they worked well, I wanted to do in some different way — mainly this arises from my love of more complex inflection patterns. As such, compared to Laceyiam, Chlouvānem has much more influences from ''Sanskrit'' and ''Lithuanian'' (which always were my main influences anyway); other natlangs that influenced me a lot are ''Russian'', ''Adyghe'', ''Latvian'', ''Old Norse'' (and to a lesser extent also ''Danish'' and ''Icelandic''), ''Proto-Indo-European'', ''(Biblical) Hebrew'', ''Latin'', and ''Japanese'', while its actual in-world use is inspired by ''Arabic''. Still it is an a priori language and, despite having much in common with all of these (particularly with the IE ones), is also strikingly different (the Austronesian morphosyntactic alignment, morphological expression of evidentiality and more broadly the particular emphasis on moods probably being the most noticeable things). Moreover, I tried to create a language very different from my native language (Italian) while keeping many - not so apparent - similarities.<br /> | ||
The morphology of Chlouvānem is very different from Laceyiam, though many words are still the same (like ''smrāṇa'' (spring), ''junai'' (foot), ''jāyim'' (girl), ''saṃhāram'' (boy)). | The morphology of Chlouvānem is very different from Laceyiam, though many words are still the same (like ''smrāṇa'' (spring), ''junai'' (foot), ''jāyim'' (girl), ''saṃhāram'' (boy)). The name of the people in the language itself used to have ''-ou-'' too, but then I changed historical phonology just enough that it caused that to become ''-ǣ-''. Still I kept ''-ou-'' in the English name as I had used it too much and for too long in order to change it so easily. | ||
As I mentioned before, Chlouvānem is the latest version of the conlang for my main conculture. I started sketching conlangs back when I was 9 or 10 but only started interesting myself into linguistics seven years later - in 2014 - and since then I started doing more "serious" conlangs (the earlier ones were little more than relexified Italian). Ideally, Chlouvānem is the refined version of all of these languages, but except for a few recurring words (like ''maila'' (water) or ''hulin'' (woman)) it is only comparable to those languages I have been creating since July 2015. | As I mentioned before, Chlouvānem is the latest version of the conlang for my main conculture. I started sketching conlangs back when I was 9 or 10 but only started interesting myself into linguistics seven years later - in 2014 - and since then I started doing more "serious" conlangs (the earlier ones were little more than relexified Italian). Ideally, Chlouvānem is the refined version of all of these languages, but except for a few recurring words (like ''maila'' (water) or ''hulin'' (woman)) it is only comparable to those languages I have been creating since July 2015. | ||
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===Vowels - Camiyāṃsai=== | ===Vowels - Camiyāṃsai=== | ||
The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of | The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 24 phonemes: 15 monophthongs, 7 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.<br/> | ||
Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonemically /Vɴ/ or (word-finally) /Vn/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. ''tąkis'' /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [ˈtaxkʲis]. | Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonemically /Vɴ/ or (word-finally) /Vn/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. ''tąkis'' /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [ˈtaxkʲis]. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Low-mid | ! colspan=2 | Low-mid | ||
| ɛ || || ɔ | | ɛ ɛː || || ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Low !! <small>Oral</small> | ! rowspan=2 | Low !! <small>Oral</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Diphthongs !! <small>Oral</small> | ! rowspan=2 | Diphthongs !! <small>Oral</small> | ||
| aɪ̯ eɪ̯ | | aɪ̯ eɪ̯ || ɔə̯ || aʊ̯ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Br.-voiced</small> | ! <small>Br.-voiced</small> | ||
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* '''ṛ''' → '''ar''' | * '''ṛ''' → '''ar''' | ||
Another, different type of lengthening, is ''synchronic lengthening'', which is a saṃdhi change; it only applies to '''a''', '''i''', '''u''', '''ṛ''', and '''e''', turning them into '''ā''', '''ī''', '''ū''', '''ṝ''', and '''ė''' respectively. | Another, different type of lengthening, is ''synchronic lengthening'', which is a saṃdhi change; it only applies to '''a''', '''i''', '''u''', '''ṛ''', '''æ''', and '''e''', turning them into '''ā''', '''ī''', '''ū''', '''ṝ''', '''ǣ''', and '''ė''' respectively. | ||
=====Vowel saṃdhi===== | =====Vowel saṃdhi===== | ||
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Dissimilar vowels merge in these ways. '''ṛ''' and '''ṝ''' become semivowels wherever needed, and '''i''' and '''u''' become '''y''' and '''v''' before other vowels; '''ī''' and '''ū''' turn to ''iy'' and ''uv'' respectively.<br/>Other changes are: | Dissimilar vowels merge in these ways. '''ṛ''' and '''ṝ''' become semivowels wherever needed, and '''i''' and '''u''' become '''y''' and '''v''' before other vowels; '''ī''' and '''ū''' turn to ''iy'' and ''uv'' respectively.<br/>Other changes are: | ||
* '''e''' and '''o''' always continue PLB *aj and *aw regardless of etymology, so when followed by vowels the results are ''ayV'' and ''avV'' respectively. Similarly, with '''ai''' and '''au''' the results are ''āyV'' and ''āvV''; | * '''e''' and '''o''' always continue PLB *aj and *aw regardless of etymology, so when followed by vowels the results are ''ayV'' and ''avV'' respectively. Similarly, with '''ai''' and '''au''' the results are ''āyV'' and ''āvV''; | ||
* '''æ''' and ''' | * '''æ''' and '''ǣ''' both become '''ev''' and '''oe''' becomes '''en''' when followed by another vowel; | ||
* All other ones simply turn their second element into the corresponding semivowel (e.g. '''ei''' → '''ey | * All other ones simply turn their second element into the corresponding semivowel (e.g. '''ei''' → '''ey'''). | ||
* '''a''': ''a-i'' → '''e''' ; ''a-u'' → '''o''' ; ''a-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''a-o'' → '''au''' | * '''a''': ''a-i'' → '''e''' ; ''a-u'' → '''o''' ; ''a-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''a-o'' → '''au''' | ||
* '''ā''': ''ā-i'' and ''ā-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''ā-u'' and ''ā-o'' → '''au''' | * '''ā''': ''ā-i'' and ''ā-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''ā-u'' and ''ā-o'' → '''au''' | ||
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| '''Sound''' || /ɴ/ || /ʔ/ || /ɦ/ || /ʀ/ || /ɴ̆/, [ŋ] || /ʲ/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /i̤/ || /u/ | | '''Sound''' || /ɴ/ || /ʔ/ || /ɦ/ || /ʀ/ || /ɴ̆/, [ŋ] || /ʲ/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /i̤/ || /u/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Letter''' || '''ū''' || '''ų''' || '''e''' || '''ė''' || '''ę''' || '''o''' || '''æ''' || ''' | | '''Letter''' || '''ū''' || '''ų''' || '''e''' || '''ė''' || '''ę''' || '''o''' || '''æ''' || '''ǣ''' || '''a''' || '''ā''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Sound''' || /uː/ || /ṳ/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /e̤/ || /ɔ/ || /ɛ/ || / | | '''Sound''' || /uː/ || /ṳ/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /e̤/ || /ɔ/ || /ɛ/ || /ɛː/ || /a/ || /aː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Letter''' | | '''Letter''' || '''ą''' || '''ai''' || '''ąi''' || '''ei''' || '''ęi''' || '''oe''' || '''au''' || '''ąu''' || '''å''' || '''ṛ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Sound''' || /aɪ̯/ || /a̤ɪ̯/ || /eɪ̯/ || /e̤ɪ̯ | | '''Sound''' || /ɑ̤/ || /aɪ̯/ || /a̤ɪ̯/ || /eɪ̯/ || /e̤ɪ̯/ || /ɔə̯/ || /aʊ̯/ || /a̤ʊ̯/ || /ɔ/ <sub><small>(see below)</small></sub> || /ʀ̩/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Letter''' | | '''Letter''' || '''ṝ''' || || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Sound''' || / | | '''Sound''' || /ʀ̩ː/ || || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||