Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions

Positional and motion verbs are a semantically and syntactically defined category of [[Chlouvānem]] verbs that constitutes one of the most complex parts overall of Chlouvānem grammar, as a (relatively) small number of roots is used for most meanings related to state and movement in space and time, meanings which are specified with the use of many different prefixes, most of which are analogues to English prepositions. Other Lahob languages (including also Chlouvānem's own daughter languages) possess similar systems, even if time has modified and, often, simplified the original system; the Chlouvānem system is essentially the same as the one reconstructed for Proto-Lahob.

Positional verbs (''jalyadaradhūs'', pl. ''jalyadaradhaus'') translate verbs such as "to stay", "to be seated", and "to lie", (as well as their middle and causative forms) with prefixes that are semantically comparable to English prepositions. Motion verbs (''duldaradhūs'', pl. ''duldaradhaus'') are more similar to English, being satellite-framed (the satellite, in the Chlouvānem case, being the prefix), but there is an added complexity because motion verbs can be ''monodirectional'' (''emibugirdaradhūs'', ''-aus'') or ''multidirectional'' (''tailgirdaradhūs'', ''-aus''), and most verbs come in pairs, each member of a pair being used in different contexts.

==Positional verbs (''jalyadaradhaus'')==

Positional verbs are semantically static verbs (dynamic in their causative and interior forms) that are formed by a base root that never appears alone otherwise and a prefix; the root denotes three basic states of position (to be upright, to be seated, to lie), while 24 different prefixes convey the meaning of placement (on, over, under, near, far...). A subset of 10 prefixes (plus a ∅- prefix corresponding to many of the other ones) is also used to build demonstratives.

| Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutyāke || šumirte || šūkte

|-

|-

| Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintyāke || gimmirte || ginukte

The basic (exterior non-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive:

: ''tatimu'' – I am standing.

: ''phēcam eṇāt švotē'' – the cat is lying under the table.

The interior forms have a dynamic, middle-voice meaning:

: ''tatyairu'' – I stand up.

: ''phēcam eṇom švotire'' – the cat is lying down under the table.

The causative exterior forms have a dynamic, causative meaning, while the causative interior ones are morphologically possible but practically never used:

: ''kåmbu tatetyaisu'' – I put the bag down [in a standing position].

: ''kåmbu tatayutisu'' – I put the bag down [in a horizontal position].

The English verb "to remain" is translated by ''lįnake'' (class 2 thematic). For the ''-tyā-'' verbs, it is used alone (with the appropriate prefix), while for the other two columns it is used as an auxiliary together with the infinitive of the positional verb:

: ''lęnu'' – I remain [standing].

: ''phēcam eṇāt švuktelęnē'' – the cat remains lying under the table.

Distances from one point to another are expressed using the essive case:

{{Gloss

}}

! Meaning !! Monodirectional verb (root) !! Multidirectional verb (root)

|-

|-

| to go with a vehicle<small> (trans.)<br/>(except small boats, bikes, and airplanes)</small> || ''vaske'' || ''pūrṣake''

| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small> || ''tulje'' || ''lerjike''

|-

|}

As far as morphology is concerned, most of them are regular class 1 or 2 verbs, except for:

* ''lulke'' is highly irregular, with the irregular present singular ''lå, lin, liven'', suppletive past (''dām-, dāmek'') and perfect (''elīs-, elīsa'') stems, as well as the irregular optative stem ''lau-''.

* ''mṛcce'' is a regular class 2 verb except for the suppletive past stem ''pañc-, pañcek''.

* ''lįke'' and ''mųke'' are irregular vocalic stems, behaving as *lis- and *mus- in the present (ablauted in both) and past.

Three verbs are used for different ways of going without any external mean:

* to run = ''mṛcce'' (mono), ''mālchake'' (multi)

* to swim = ''lįke'' (mono), ''lærṣake'' (multi)

The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are:

# Habitual actions:

# Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction.

#: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum")

# Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example):

#: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly.

# In the past and in both future tenses, they can mark completed movements, that is, movement to a place and then back again. The perfect has roughly the meaning of "...to have just come back".

#: ''lilyā buneya ajāɂilbādhyom mordhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to Ajāɂilbādhi [and came back].

! Clothing type/body part !! To wear/to put on !! To take off !! Related root

|-

|-

|-

| Head and neck <small>(hats, caps, tiaras, necklaces...)</small> || āṃlāṇṭake || yanalāṇṭake || ''lāṇṭam'' "head"

|-

|-

|-

| Something with (long) sleeves || ānsnīrṣmake || yanasnīrṣmake || rowspan=2 | ''snīrṣmas'' "blanket"

|-

|}

Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍire jūnekah ātvitei kamikyāyē'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍire jūneku kamitekyāyē'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".

==Notes==

[[Category:Chlouvānem]]