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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions
Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs (view source)
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| Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutyāke || šumirte || šūkte | | Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutyāke || šumirte || šūkte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In the middle of, between (''' | | In the middle of, between ('''ṭvā-''') || ṭvātyāke || ṭvāmirte || ṭvaukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintyāke || gimmirte || ginukte | | Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintyāke || gimmirte || ginukte | ||
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The basic (exterior non-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive: | The basic (exterior non-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive: | ||
: ''tatimu'' – I am standing. | : ''tatimu'' – I am standing. | ||
: ''kamilire | : ''kamilire širēmye āmmertē'' – (s)he is sitting on the blue chair. | ||
: ''phēcam eṇāt švotē'' – the cat is lying under the table. | : ''phēcam eṇāt švotē'' – the cat is lying under the table. | ||
The interior forms have a dynamic, middle-voice meaning: | The interior forms have a dynamic, middle-voice meaning: | ||
: ''tatyairu'' – I stand up. | : ''tatyairu'' – I stand up. | ||
: ''kamilire | : ''kamilire širēmyom āmmertire'' – (s)he is sitting down on the blue chair. | ||
: ''phēcam eṇom švotire'' – the cat is lying down under the table. | : ''phēcam eṇom švotire'' – the cat is lying down under the table. | ||
The causative exterior forms have a dynamic, causative meaning, while the causative interior ones are morphologically possible but practically never used: | The causative exterior forms have a dynamic, causative meaning, while the causative interior ones are morphologically possible but practically never used: | ||
: ''kåmbu tatetyaisu'' – I put the bag down [in a standing position]. | : ''kåmbu tatetyaisu'' – I put the bag down [in a standing position]. | ||
: '' | : ''nūrya tatemirtīde'' – they two seat the baby down. | ||
: ''kåmbu tatayutisu'' – I put the bag down [in a horizontal position]. | : ''kåmbu tatayutisu'' – I put the bag down [in a horizontal position]. | ||
The English verb "to remain" is translated by ''lįnake'' (class 2 thematic). For the ''-tyā-'' verbs, it is used alone (with the appropriate prefix), while for the other two columns it is used as an auxiliary together with the infinitive of the positional verb: | The English verb "to remain" is translated by ''lįnake'' (class 2 thematic). For the ''-tyā-'' verbs, it is used alone (with the appropriate prefix), while for the other two columns it is used as an auxiliary together with the infinitive of the positional verb: | ||
: ''lęnu'' – I remain [standing]. | : ''lęnu'' – I remain [standing]. | ||
: ''kamilire | : ''kamilire širēmye āmmirtelęnē'' – (s)he remains sitting on the blue chair. | ||
: ''phēcam eṇāt švuktelęnē'' – the cat remains lying under the table. | : ''phēcam eṇāt švuktelęnē'' – the cat remains lying under the table. | ||
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Distances from one point to another are expressed using the essive case: | Distances from one point to another are expressed using the essive case: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
| phrase = jāryakūraṇa līlasuṃghāṇat vælknihælęs | | phrase = jāryakūraṇa līlasuṃghāṇat vælknihælęs vaiṣryęs bistimē. | ||
| gloss = Jāryakūrana.<small>DIR</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa-<small>EXESS</small>. 60<sub>12</sub>-<small>ESS</small>. | | gloss = Jāryakūrana.<small>DIR</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa-<small>EXESS</small>. 60<sub>12</sub>-<small>ESS</small>. vaiṣrya-<small>ESS.SG</small>. stand_far_from.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | ||
| translation = Jāryakūraṇa is 72 | | translation = Jāryakūraṇa is 72 vaiṣryai (~80 km) away from Līlasuṃghāṇa. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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# Habitual actions: | # Habitual actions: | ||
#: ''jāyim tarlāmahom mbeṇḍhē'' – the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | #: ''jāyim tarlāmahom mbeṇḍhē'' – the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | ||
#: '' | #: ''nūryāra lilyā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' – when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | ||
# Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | # Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | ||
#: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | #: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | ||
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# Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | # Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | ||
#: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | #: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | ||
#: ''sūrṣirāhe lalāruṇai pāmvyų lilų | #: ''sūrṣirāhe lalāruṇai pāmvyų lilų širē dårbhāhaite'' – large lalāruṇai [can] carry more than three people. | ||
# In the past and in both future tenses, they can mark completed movements, that is, movement to a place and then back again. The perfect has roughly the meaning of "...to have just come back". | # In the past and in both future tenses, they can mark completed movements, that is, movement to a place and then back again. The perfect has roughly the meaning of "...to have just come back". | ||
#: ''lilyā buneya ajāɂilbādhyom mordhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to Ajāɂilbādhi [and came back]. | #: ''lilyā buneya ajāɂilbādhyom mordhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to Ajāɂilbādhi [and came back]. | ||
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! Clothing type/body part !! To wear/to put on !! To take off !! Related root | ! Clothing type/body part !! To wear/to put on !! To take off !! Related root | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Any clothing bandaged around the body, plus most things worn around the trunk<br/><small>(Most generic verb, but does not cover all other meanings)</small> || kamikyāke || | | Any clothing bandaged around the body, plus most things worn around the trunk<br/><small>(Most generic verb, but does not cover all other meanings)</small> || kamikyāke || karakyāke || ''ukyā'' "trunk" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Shoes, socks, anything else on the feet and/or ankles || kamijunaike || | | Shoes, socks, anything else on the feet and/or ankles || kamijunaike || karajunaike || ''junai'' "foot" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Head and neck <small>(hats, caps, tiaras, necklaces...)</small> || āṃlāṇṭake || yanalāṇṭake || ''lāṇṭam'' "head" | | Head and neck <small>(hats, caps, tiaras, necklaces...)</small> || āṃlāṇṭake || yanalāṇṭake || ''lāṇṭam'' "head" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hands, wrists <small>(gloves, bracelets...)</small> || kamidhānake || | | Hands, wrists <small>(gloves, bracelets...)</small> || kamidhānake || karadhānake || ''dhāna'' "hand" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Legs (except bandaged-around clothing that also covers the trunk)<br/>Trousers, pants || nampājike || | | Legs (except bandaged-around clothing that also covers the trunk)<br/>Trousers, pants || nampājike || nanipājike || ''pājya'' "leg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Something with (long) sleeves || ānsnīrṣmake || yanasnīrṣmake || rowspan=2 | ''snīrṣmas'' "blanket" | | Something with (long) sleeves || ānsnīrṣmake || yanasnīrṣmake || rowspan=2 | ''snīrṣmas'' "blanket" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Blankets (not worn) || kamisnīrṣmake || | | Blankets (not worn) || kamisnīrṣmake || karasnīrṣmake | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍire jūnekah ātvitei kamikyāyē'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍire jūneku kamitekyāyē'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes". | Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍire jūnekah ātvitei kamikyāyē'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍire jūneku kamitekyāyē'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes". | ||
A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/'' | A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/''karalāṇṭake'', used for putting on/taking off a ''lāṇṭepenai'' (colloquially just ''penai''), a kind of net made of Calemerian juta (''lāriṭa'') usually worn by adolescent girls (traditionally it was worn by unmarried women) with "cotton" hair (''bhadvausāk''<ref>Plural only, shaped on ''pārāk'' (hair).</ref>, or how Chlouvānem people call "Afro-textured hair"). | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
[[Category:Chlouvānem]] | [[Category:Chlouvānem]] | ||