Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Chlouvānem/Syntax (view source)

Revision as of 19:56, 3 July 2020

76 bytes added ,  3 July 2020
m
→‎Sentential subjects and objects
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1,402: Line 1,402:
| gloss = book.<small>DIR.SG</small> about. talk_concerning.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that-<small>ACC</small>. read.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = book.<small>DIR.SG</small> about. talk_concerning.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that-<small>ACC</small>. read.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I have read the book they were talking about.
| translation = I have read the book they were talking about.
}}
==Declarative content clauses==
Declarative content clauses are built in two possible ways: one using juxtaposed clauses, mandatory when the tenses differ and otherwise more proper of common speech, and a more formal one with the infinitive:
{{Gloss
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣake ndulširu.
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right-<small>INF</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>.
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣire ndulširu.
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-3SG.COMMON</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>.
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right.
}}
Indirect speech is generally handled through the use of a quotative marker ([[#Quoted_speech|see the corresponding section]]), but such declarative content clauses are typically used with verbs of perception:
{{Gloss
| phrase = laukhlyai bismṛcce mišaute.
| gloss = small_aquatic_lizard-<small>DIR.PL</small>. run_away.<small>MONOD-INF</small>. see.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I saw the lizards run away.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = kalineh kitom naliven mendute.
| gloss = female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. house-<small>DAT.SG.</small>. walk_into.<small>MONOD.IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.AGENT-EXP</small>. hear.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>..
| translation = I hear my sister walking into the house.
}}
}}


Line 1,448: Line 1,424:
}}
}}


==Translation of sentential subjects==
==Sentential subjects and objects==
Using little subordination, sentential subjects common to English are rendered in different ways in Chlouvānem.
Chlouvānem often uses juxtaposition even among its structures expressing sentential subjects and objects, not requiring any linking word.


Sentences expressing judgement are often translatable with evidentials (and are therefore single-clause):
Sentences expressing judgement are often translatable with evidentials (and are therefore single-clause):
Line 1,467: Line 1,443:
| translation = They say that my son is working, but I doubt it.
| translation = They say that my son is working, but I doubt it.
}}
}}
Other sentences are simply juxtaposed, not subordinated. A dummy "that" in the appropriate case may be inserted if the required case is not direct, accusative, or ergative, but it's often omitted:
Other sentences are simply juxtaposed, not subordinated, despite being integral components of the sentence. A dummy "that" in the appropriate case may be inserted if the required case is not direct, accusative, or ergative, but it's often omitted:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = kānyahǣṣa demyāṣati dṛkte [nanāt] yavita pęrdirek?
| phrase = kānyahǣṣa demyāṣati dṛkte [nanāt] yavita pęrdirek?
Line 1,478: Line 1,454:
| gloss = Lilemāvya.<small>DIR</small>. this-<small>ACC</small>. mistake-<small>ACC.SG</small>. take.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. [that-<small>ACC</small>.] <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>.
| gloss = Lilemāvya.<small>DIR</small>. this-<small>ACC</small>. mistake-<small>ACC.SG</small>. take.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. [that-<small>ACC</small>.] <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>.
| translation = I don't believe [the fact that] Lilemāvya made this mistake.
| translation = I don't believe [the fact that] Lilemāvya made this mistake.
}}
===Declarative content clauses===
Declarative content clauses are built in two possible ways: one using juxtaposed clauses, mandatory when the tenses differ and otherwise more proper of common speech, and a more formal one with the infinitive:
{{Gloss
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣake ndulširu.
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right-<small>INF</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>.
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣire ndulširu.
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-3SG.COMMON</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>.
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right.
}}
Indirect speech is generally handled through the use of a quotative marker ([[#Quoted_speech|see the corresponding section]]), but such declarative content clauses are typically used with verbs of perception:
{{Gloss
| phrase = laukhlyai bismṛcce mišaute.
| gloss = small_aquatic_lizard-<small>DIR.PL</small>. run_away.<small>MONOD-INF</small>. see.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I saw the lizards run away.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = kalineh kitom naliven mendute.
| gloss = female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. house-<small>DAT.SG.</small>. walk_into.<small>MONOD.IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.AGENT-EXP</small>. hear.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>..
| translation = I hear my sister walking into the house.
}}
}}


Lili21
8,510

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/195582...195748"

Navigation menu