Chlouvānem/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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Actual usage of Chlouvānem grammatically marks respect towards the listener by using analytic constructions formed with auxiliary '''respectful verbs''' (''imatimaivi daradhaus'', i.e. verbs used in the ''imatimaiva'' (respectful language)<ref>Contrasting with the ''emmāmaiva'', (humble language), and the ''lilamaiva'' (neutral language); the three styles take their names from their respective words for "person"</ref>). They are used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way; a common mistake, made both by foreigners and young Chlouvānem people, is overusing them, thinking that in polite speech almost every single verb needs to be marked this way. | Actual usage of Chlouvānem grammatically marks respect towards the listener by using analytic constructions formed with auxiliary '''respectful verbs''' (''imatimaivi daradhaus'', i.e. verbs used in the ''imatimaiva'' (respectful language)<ref>Contrasting with the ''emmāmaiva'', (humble language), and the ''lilamaiva'' (neutral language); the three styles take their names from their respective words for "person"</ref>). They are used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way; a common mistake, made both by foreigners and young Chlouvānem people, is overusing them, thinking that in polite speech almost every single verb needs to be marked this way. | ||
The respectful auxiliaries themselves, as well as a number of inherently respectful verbs (e.g. ''pṛdhake'' "to ask" vs. neutral ''muṣke''; '' | The respectful auxiliaries themselves, as well as a number of inherently respectful verbs (e.g. ''pṛdhake'' "to ask" vs. neutral ''muṣke''; ''naiṣake'' "to give" vs. neutral ''męlike''; ''naimake'' "to meet" vs. neutral ''vuryake''), do not need to be marked with a respectful auxiliary. Inherently humble verbs (or verbal locutions; e.g. ''yacce'' "to ask" or "to order, command" vs. neutral ''muṣke'' and ''spruvyake''; ''chlašake'' "to do, act, make" vs. neutral ''dṛke''; ''tittake'' "to suggest, advise" vs. neutral ''smārṣake''), which are, in learners' materials, treated together with respectful language, are also never used with an auxiliary. | ||
The choice of respectful verbs depends on various properties of the main verb, and using a different respectful verbs may imply different shades of meaning; some auxiliaries, in fact, act as if they were ''junyai'' of other ones. All respectful auxiliaries are used together with the main verb in the infinitive. | The choice of respectful verbs depends on various properties of the main verb, and using a different respectful verbs may imply different shades of meaning; some auxiliaries, in fact, act as if they were ''junyai'' of other ones. All respectful auxiliaries are used together with the main verb in the infinitive. | ||