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Tenses indicate the time in which an action is taking place. All over the years tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã have been evolving. By the times of Old High Gallifreyan there were around 200 tenses but with the constant modernization of the language those tenses that were rarely used became obsolete. The actual Modern Gallifreyan has only 32 'practical' tenses plus other 10 for discussing Alternate Universes.  
Tenses indicate the time in which an action is taking place. All over the years tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã have been evolving. By the times of Old High Gallifreyan there were around 200 tenses but with the constant modernization of the language those tenses that were rarely used became obsolete. The actual Modern Gallifreyan has only 32 'practical' tenses plus other 10 for discussing Alternate Universes.  
The following is a chart with all the verbal tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã. I'll be adding approximate English tense names for an easy future reference.  
 
The verb we'll be using as an example is zai'rherjy [zaiʢr.χer.ɟi] (to go).
The following is a chart with all the verbal tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã. I'll be adding approximate English tense names for an easy future reference. The verb used as an example is ''zai'rherjy'' [zai.χr̩.her.ʎa] (to go).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Tense Name
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Auxiliary
! style="font-weight: bold;" | English Equivalent
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Example
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Translation
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forgettable Past
| metjań
| style="font-style: italic;" | no longer X(e)s nor will
| rherjy metjań
| style="font-style: italic;" | no longer goes nor ever will go again
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Perfect
| vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed
| vlayst rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Perfect Continuous
| ogbeste vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been Xing
| ogbeste rherjy vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Imperfect
| jeksdamn
| style="font-style: italic;" | was Xing
| jeksdamn rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | was going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Anterior
| treźpau
| style="font-style: italic;" | had Xed
| treźpau rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | had gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forced Past
| basklo
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed because of a change in the past
| basklo rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went because of a change in the past
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Interrupted Past
| vlayst basklo
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed changes a future that's past in the present
| vlayst basklo rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went and changed the timeline
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Future
| vlayst iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | (have) Xed changes a future that's past in the present
| vlayst rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | (have gone) went in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Possible Future
| hadtśzuptn iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed before and may again
| hadtśzuptn rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | went before and may again one day
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Recent Past
| yarpe
| style="font-style: italic;" | just Xed
| rherjy yarpe
| style="font-style: italic;" | just went
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Present
| -
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(e)s
| rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | goes
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Present Continuous
| ogbeste
| style="font-style: italic;" | is Xing
| ogbeste rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | is going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Quick Present
| bratarmetśk
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(es) for now
| bratarmetśk rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | goes for now
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future
| iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will X
| rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Recent Future
| yarpe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | just Xed in the future
| rherjy yarpe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | just went in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Perfect
| xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have Xed
| rherjy xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Upper-Perfect
| ogbeste xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have been Xing
| ogbeste rherjy xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Previous Future
| ogbeste treźpau iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will had been Xing
| ogbeste treźpau rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will had been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Continuous
| ogbeste iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | is going to X
| ogbeste rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Quick Future
| tarźemk - iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | as soon as Xed, will X
| tarźemk rherjy, rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | as soon as goes, will go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Possible Future
| tśrestasebe
| style="font-style: italic;" | didn't X before but possible could in the future
| tśrestasebe rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | never before went but could possibly in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forced Future
| tsirmag
| style="font-style: italic;" | will (have to) X now because of a change in the past
| tsirmag rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | will (have to) go now because of a change in the past
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Past
| iera vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to have Xed
| iera rherjy vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Pluperfect
| hadtśzuptn
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been Xed
| hadtśzuptn rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Oblivion
| meeltśzup
| style="font-style: italic;" | X used to be but has been erased from time completely
| rherjy meeltśzup
| style="font-style: italic;" | went but that action has now been erased from time.
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Pan-Temporal/Spatial
| inasesuth
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(ing) all through time and space
| inasesuth rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | go(ing) all through time and space
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Simple Conditional
| jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would X
| rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Conditional Perfect
| xajakho jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would have Xed
| xajakho rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Conditional Progressive
| xajakho jeksdamn jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would be Xing
| xajakho jeksdamn rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would be going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Temporal
| tśrestasebe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | never before but could one day X
| tśrestasebe rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | could one day go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Inconceivable
| kotćun
| style="font-style: italic;" | must never X
| rherjy kotćun
| style="font-style: italic;" | must never go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Timeless
| zai
| style="font-style: italic;" | X
| rherjyzai
| style="font-style: italic;" | to go (uncertainty of time of the action)
|}


==== Imperative Mood ====
==== Imperative Mood ====
In the present or future tense.
Rude or informal form: baehilt after the verb
Polite form: baeh before the verb
Negative form: bareh before the verb


=== Alternate Universes ===
The Imperative can only be used in the present or future tense and consists of 3 forms:
The tenses for Alternate Universes are conformed of the auxiliary, the verb and the suffix 'kalra.
 
Example:
* Rude or informal form: ''baeh'' after the verb → ''kutś voziphu baeh'' (You sit dow now!)
rherjy'kalra iera (will go in an Alternate Universe)
* Polite form: ''baehilt'' before the verb → ''fikre lelaefrl xugallafreiy baehilt fthakūlzś'' (Time Lords, fight for Gallifrey)
* Negative form: ''baregh'' before the verb → ''akrut hifrey'hef baregh braovi'' (No Time Travel inside the Academy)
 
==== Alternate Universes ====
 
The tenses for Alternate Universes are conformed of the auxiliary, the verb and the suffix '' 'kalra'':
* ''rherjy'kalra iera'' (will go in an Alternate Universe)
 
Although, only 10 of the verb tenses can be used in the AU mode:
Although, only 10 of the verb tenses can be used in the AU mode:
1. Present
 
2. Past Perfect
# Present
3. Past Imperfect
# Past Perfect
4. Past Anterior
# Past Imperfect
5. Future
# Past Anterior
6. Future Perfect
# Future
7. Future Continuous
# Future Perfect
8. Pluperfect
# Future Continuous
9. Saudade
# Pluperfect
10. Conditional Perfect
# Saudade
# Conditional Perfect


==== Timelines ====
==== Timelines ====
It's not necessary to specify in which or whose timeline the actions are being performed, nevertheless, if you're engaging conversation with someone not in sync with your time-stream it'd be a big help to add a Timeline Specifier when conjugating a verb. There are 4 timelines in which one can talk so things don't get all wibly-wobley:
It's not necessary to specify in which or whose timeline the actions are being performed, nevertheless, if you're engaging conversation with someone not in sync with your time-stream it'd be a big help to add a Timeline Specifier when conjugating a verb. There are 4 timelines in which one can talk so things don't get all wibly-wobley:
1. Personal Timeline: The Timeline of the speaker not the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is not present. It's represented with the word žan [t͡ʂan] after the verb.


2. Individual Timeline: The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is also the speaker. It's represented with the word žana [t͡ʂɒ.na] before the verb.
# '''Personal Timeline:''' The Timeline of the speaker not the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is not present. It's represented with the word ''źan'' [ʒan] after the verb.
# '''Individual Timeline:''' The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is also the speaker. It's represented with the word ''źana'' [ʒana] before the verb.
# '''Main Timeline:''' The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used when the subject isn't the same as the speaker. It's represented with the word ''źani'' [ʒani] after the verb.
# '''Universal Timeline:''' The Timeline of the Universe, the one that never changes. It's represented with the word ''źante'' [ʒante] at the beginning of the sentence.
# '''Gallifreyan Timeline:''' Gallifrey is located in a Micro-Universe outside of Time, thus when you are on Gallifrey you are in Inner Time, “outside” of the Universe. This keeps Gallifreyan history and continuity separated from the rest of the Universe. This Timeline Specifier is used with the Personal, Individual and Main Timelines. It's represented with the word ''źańe'' [ʒaɳe] at the other side of the verb in relation of the second timeline specifier.
 
==== Fixed Points in Time ====


3. Main Timeline: The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used when the subject isn't the same as the speaker. It's represented with the word žani [t͡ʂa.ni] after the verb.
Time Lords can see what is, what could be, what used to be, what must never happen and what must never change (fixed points in time). To talk about the former three we use the Possible Future, Forgettable Past and the Inconceivable tenses respectively. But when it comes to fixed points in time, simply add the word ''baghk'' [ʙaɠək] after the conjugated verb. Some count this as the 33rd verb tense of the Gallifreyan language.


4. Universal Timeline: The Timeline of the Universe, the one that never changes. It's represented with the word žante [t͡ʂan.te] at the beginning of the sentence.
==== Aspect ====


5. Gallifreyan Timeline: Gallifrey is located in a Micro-Universe outside of Time, thus when you are on Gallifrey you are in Inner Time, “outside” of the Universe. This keeps Gallifreyan history and continuity separated from the rest of the Universe. This Timeline Specifier is used with the Personal, Individual and Main Timelines. It's represented with the word žaNGe [t͡ʂa.ɳe] at the other side of the verb in relation of the second timeline specifier.  
Aspect in Gallifreyan denotes frequency, intentionality, cause and intention. There are 9 general aspect forms, some with their own subdivisions. The use of some of these aspects is generally optional as their use is not truly necessary, making it up to the speaker to decide how much information they intend to give. Note: some forms of aspect are already mixed with the normal tenses and the use of any of the following prepositions doesn't invalidate them.


==== Fixed Points in Time ====
* '''Habitual'''
Time Lords can see what is, what could be, what used to be, what must never happen and what must never change (fixed points in time).
It is used to indicate actions the speaker does or did frequently:
To talk about the former three we use the Possible Future, Forgettable Past and the Inconceivable tenses respectively. But when it comes to fixed points in time, simply add the word baghk [ʙaɠk] after the conjugated verb. Some count this as the 33rd verb tense of the Gallifreyan language.
''pira jeyi dodagçaś Sol 3 '''ndirikhutsń''' vlaystgkem rherjy'' → I used to go to planet Earth
 
* '''Telicity'''
Indicates if an action has been completed as intended:
''pira jyei fagts kphi vuranovi rhasisî sźotse srîniash '''soz''' ''→ I read your book every month (and finish it every time)
 
* '''Inceptive'''
Used for referring to the beginning of an action or state:
''pira jyei basklo '''pośsi''' irgyu'' – I started running because of a change in the past


==== Aspect ====
* '''Durative'''
It's used for marking the duration of an action or if it stopped for a while:
''kutś tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>ha''' iera'' – as soon as you go, I will go for a while
''kutś '''ha<nowiki>'</nowiki>'''tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy iera'' – as soon as you stop going, I will go


Habitual
* '''Causative'''
It is used to indicate actions the speaker does or did frequently
It's used to indicate that someone or something played a role assisting or causing another action. It's divided into 4 cases:
Past Tenses: Pira jeyi dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń vlaystgkem rherjy. - "I used to go to planet Earth"
Present Tenses: Pira jyei dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń rherjy. - "I go to planet Earth frequently"
Future Tenses: Pira jyei dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń rherjy iera. - "I would like to get into the habit of frequently go to planet Earth"


Telicity
- Forced Action: '''''thlihante''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is making someone/something do something.
Indicates if an action has been completed as intended.
Pira jyei çagts-qutć vuranovi rhassisyy sźotsẽ sryyniash soz. – I read your book every month (and finish it every time)


Inceptive
- Assisted Action: '''''ñetroplg''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is helping someone/something do something.
Used for referring to the beginning of an action or state.
Pira jyei bãsklo pośsi irgyu. – I started running because of a change in the past


Durative
- Permitted Action: '''''xertten''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is letting someone/something do something.
It's used for marking the duration of an action or if it stopped for a while.
Delimitative: qutć tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy-ha iera – as soon as you go, I will go for a while
Pausative: qutć ha-tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy iera – as soon as you stop going, I will go


Causative
- An Action Caused Indirectly or As a Result of Something Else: '''''raigh'lakhib''' zai'baehilt'' – Something else happened that let/caused someone/something to do something.
It's used to indicate that someone or something played a role assisting or causing another action. The Causative is divided into 4 cases:
- Forced Action: Thlihante zai-baehilt – Someone/something is making someone/something do something.
- Assisted Action: Ñetroplg zai-baehilt – Someone/something is helping someone/something do something.
- Permitted Action: Xērtten zai-baehilt – Someone/something is letting someone/something do something.
- An Action Caused Indirectly or As a Result of Something Else: Raigh-llakhib zai'baehilt – Something else happened that let/caused someone/something to do something.


Momentane
* '''Momentane'''
It's used to indicate that an action happened involuntarily in a sudden and quick manner.
It's used to indicate that an action happened involuntarily in a sudden and quick manner:
Yo śek meelćzup – suddenly and quickly died but it was erased from time
'''''yo''' śek meeltśzup'' – suddenly and quickly died but it was erased from time


Defective
* '''Defective'''
Indicates that an action almost happened. Some scholars place this aspect as a subform of the Telicity aspect.
Indicates that an action almost happened:
Ćrestasebe rherjy mara – I almost never went in the past but could not possibly go at all in the future
''tśrestasebe rherjy '''mara''''' – I almost never went in the past but could not possibly go at all in the future


Intensity
* '''Intensity'''
Used to denote the specific intensity of (or put on) an action.
Used to denote the specific intensity of (or put on) an action:
Intensive: jeksdamn thaskovo – yelled loudly (with a strong force)
''jeksdamn thasko'''vo''''' – yelled loudly (with a strong force)
Attenuative: jeksdamn irgyuso – barely ran (didn't put much energy into it)
''jeksdamn irgyu'''so''''' – barely ran (didn't put much energy into it)


Intentionality
* '''Intentionality'''
Indicates if an action was done deliberately or accidentally.
Indicates if an action was done deliberately or accidentally:
Intentional: kyy treźpau estrupa – had harmed on purpose
'''''kî''' treźpau estrupa'' – had harmed on purpose
Accidental: k treźpau ustigraã – had laughed accidentally
'''''k''' treźpau ustigraa'' – had laughed accidentally


==== Verb Cases ====  
==== Verb Cases ====  
Ten cases with one or several adpositions each.
Desiderative
- Expressing optional desire: Pira jyei gonk zai-aźñortem – I wish to travel.
- Used to express not optional desire: Pira jyei mirha zai-aźñortem – I want to travel.


Obligational
Ten cases with one or several adpositions each.
- Expressing preferential obligation but it's not optional: Pira jyei denja zai-aźñortem – I must travel.
- Expressing optional but preferential obligation: Pira jyei denśa zai-aźñortem – I should travel.
* '''Desiderative'''
 
-Expressing optional desire: ''pira jyei '''gonk''' zai'aźñortem'' – I wish to travel.
 
-Expressing optional but preferential obligation: ''pira jyei '''mirha''' zai'aźñortem'' – I want to travel.
 
* '''Obligational'''
 
- Expressing preferential obligation but it's not optional: ''pira jyei '''denja''' zai'aźñortem'' – I must travel.
 
- Expressing optional but preferential obligation: ''pira jyei '''denśa''' zai'aźñortem'' – I should travel.
 
* '''Necessity'''
 
- Optional necessity: ''pira jyei '''prnte''' zai'aźñortem'' – I need to travel.
 
- Obligatory necessity: ''pira jyei '''denta'prnte''' zai'aźñortem'' – I have to travel.
 
* '''Alethic'''
 
- Having the potential or possibility to do something: ''pira jyei '''delgart''' zai'aźñortem'' – I can travel.
 
- Having the opportunity to do something: ''pira jyei '''usogz'delgart''' zai'aźñortem'' – I could travel.
 
* '''Potential'''


Necessity
- To express probability: ''pira jyei '''dahel''' zai'aźñortem'' – I will probably travel.
- Optional necessity: Pira jyei prnte zai-aźñortem – I need to travel.
- Obligatory necessity: Pira jyei denta-prnte zai-aźñortem – I have to travel.


Alethic
* '''Irrealis'''
- Having the potential or possibility to do something: Pira jyei delgart zai-aźñortem – I can travel.
- Having the opportunity to do something: Pira jyei usogz-delgart zai-aźñortem – I could travel.


Potential
- Expressing regret over a past event now long gone: ''pira jyei treźpau aźñortem pira jyei ayiretuj '''gusźarrr''' jekçamp'' – If I had travelled, I wouldn't be here.
- To express probability: Pira jyei dahel zai-aźñortem – I will probably travel.


* '''Instrumentative'''


Irrealis
- Indicates the means, cause and instrument of causation of the action: ''vogh gulth gusloghe '''nivh''' merthito'' – He drowns with water.
- Expressing regret over a past event now long gone: Pira jyei xarthlov zai-aźñortem pira jyei ayiretuj gusźarrr jekkçamp – If I had travelled, I wouldn't be here.
Instrumentative
- Indicates the means, cause and instrument of causation of the action: Vogh gulth gusloghe nivh merthito – He drowns with water.


==== To Be ====
==== To Be ====
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Circular Gallifreyan]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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