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Kirtumur
Etymology
From Proto-Kyrdan *ap- (“to climb”). Cognate with Kērsalur uapatha “to ascend”, Cirdamur aba, Old Sērsal isab “uphill”, Old Ķyrdum abudan “beginning”.
Pronunciation
(Umunesal) IPA: [ˈɑ.pɑ]
Noun
apa v intransitive
- to move upward
- talaur inikipe – he/she didn’t go up that road.
- to become higher in pitch or frequency
- hur wiša eyapapate – the sound got louder and louder.
- to climb
- yimauz enehapapau ušamei – we used to climb this moutain easily.
Declension
Active Intransitive (no reduplication)
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Verb forms
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singular
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dual
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plural
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1st person
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2nd person
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3rd person
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1st person
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2nd person
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3rd person
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1st person
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2nd person
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3rd person
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Affirmative
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Imperfective
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Present
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hape
|
ōpe
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yape
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hapu
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ōpu
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yapu
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hapit
|
ōpit
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yapit
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Past
|
eape
|
eōpe
|
eyape
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eapu
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eōpu
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eyapu
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eapit
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eōpit
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eyapit
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Future
|
hapis
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ōpis
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yapis
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hapisu
|
ōpisu
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yapisu
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hapisit
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ōpisit
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yapisit
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Aorist
|
eap
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eōp
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eyap
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eapu
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eōpu
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eyapu
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eapit
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eōpit
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eyapit
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Perfect
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Present
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hapet
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ōpet
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yapet
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hattu
|
ōttu
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yattu
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hattit
|
ōttit
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yattit
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Past
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eapet
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eōpet
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eyapet
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eattu
|
eōttu
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eyattu
|
eattit
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eōttit
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eyattit
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Irrealis
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Present Subjunctive
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pōp
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paōp
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peyap
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pōpu
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paōpu
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peyapu
|
pōpit
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paōpit
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peyapit
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Future
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hepōp
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hepaōp
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hepeyap
|
hepōpu
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hepaōpu
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hepeyapu
|
hepōpit
|
hepaōpit
|
hepeyapit
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Optative
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kurap
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kurōp
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kurip
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kurapu
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kurōpu
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kuripu
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kurapit
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kurōpit
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kuripit
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Imperative
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apeya
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Negative
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Imperfective
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Present
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ŋipe
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ŋōpe
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kipe
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ŋipu
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ŋōpu
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kipu
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ŋipit
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ŋōpit
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kipit
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Past
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iŋipe
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eŋōpe
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ikipe
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iŋipu
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eŋōpu
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ikipu
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iŋipit
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eŋōpit
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ikipit
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Future
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ŋipis
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ŋōpis
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kipis
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ŋipisu
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ŋōpisu
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kipisu
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ŋipisit
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ŋōpisit
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kipisit
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Aorist
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iŋip
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eŋōp
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ikip
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iŋipu
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eŋōpu
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ikipu
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iŋipit
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eŋōpit
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ikipit
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Perfect
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Present
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ŋipet
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ŋōpet
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kipet
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ŋittu
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ŋōttu
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kittu
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ŋittit
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ŋōttit
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kittit
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Past
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iŋipet
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eŋōpet
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ikipet
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iŋittu
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eŋōttu
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ikittu
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iŋittit
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eŋōttit
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ikittit
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Irrealis
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Present Subjunctive
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paŋip
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paŋōp
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pakip
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paŋipu
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paŋōpu
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pakipu
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paŋipit
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paŋōpit
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pakipit
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Future
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hepaŋip
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hepaŋōp
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hepakip
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hepaŋipu
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hepaŋōpu
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hepakipu
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hepaŋipit
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hepaŋōpit
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hepakipit
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Optative
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kurŋip
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kurŋōp
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kurkip
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kurŋipu
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kurŋōpu
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kurkipu
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kurŋipit
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kurŋōpit
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kurkipit
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Imperative
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ma apeya
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Infinitives
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Affirmative
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Negative
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Imperfective
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apa
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apakha
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Aorist
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apei
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apeikha
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Future
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apeis
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apeiska
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Perfect
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attei
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atteikha
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Participles
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Imperfective
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Perfective
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(affirmative)
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(negative)
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(affirmative)
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(negative)
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Active
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apin
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apimi
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apanu
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apōmu
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Middle
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apis
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apisma
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apēs
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apēsma
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Passive
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apēni
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apēmi
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apauni
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apeumi
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Antipassive
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apun
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apuma
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apōn
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apōma
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Derived terms
- ekhapin – start
- esape – upwards