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It has long been assumed that Minhay had been settled during nomadic tribes during the Ice Ages, part of the general migrations that eventually peopled Siberia, the Americas, and Ainushir.  Traditional accounts claim that three ethnic groups, the Golahats, the Peshpegs, and the Minhast came to Minhay at around the same time, but eventually the Minhast eventually dominated the island.  During the mid 1950's, foreign archaeologists from the West were finally allowed to enter Minhay, and their preliminary excavations came up with puzzling results.  The closest relatives of the Minhast are believed to be the Ainu of neighboring Kar-put-ya-Moshir (Sakhalin), Hokkay and Honesh-Pet (formerly known as Honshu before the partition of the Japanese Empire by the Kingdom of Koguryeo and the Ainu Federation).  But the Ainu, or their putative ancestors, the Jōmon, are known to have occupied the region as early 14,500 BCE.  The earliest artifacts found in Minhay that could be definitively attributed to the Minhast are flint arrows and iron swords dated as recent as 300 CE.  Golahat and Peshpeg artifacts are far rarer, but the earliest of those artifacts date to circa 130 CE.  This indicates that the Minhast, Golahats, and Peshpegs came much later, several millenia after the great Paleosiberian migrations that led to the peopling of northeast Siberia and the Americas.
It has long been assumed that Minhay had been settled during nomadic tribes during the Ice Ages, part of the general migrations that eventually peopled Siberia, the Americas, and Ainushir.  Traditional accounts claim that three ethnic groups, the Golahats, the Peshpegs, and the Minhast came to Minhay at around the same time, but eventually the Minhast eventually dominated the island.  During the mid 1950's, foreign archaeologists from the West were finally allowed to enter Minhay, and their preliminary excavations came up with puzzling results.  The closest relatives of the Minhast are believed to be the Ainu of neighboring Kar-put-ya-Moshir (Sakhalin), Hokkay and Honesh-Pet (formerly known as Honshu before the partition of the Japanese Empire by the Kingdom of Koguryeo and the Ainu Federation).  But the Ainu, or their putative ancestors, the Jōmon, are known to have occupied the region as early 14,500 BCE.  The earliest artifacts found in Minhay that could be definitively attributed to the Minhast are flint arrows and iron swords dated as recent as 300 CE.  Golahat and Peshpeg artifacts are far rarer, but the earliest of those artifacts date to circa 130 CE.  This indicates that the Minhast, Golahats, and Peshpegs came much later, several millenia after the great Paleosiberian migrations that led to the peopling of northeast Siberia and the Americas.


So it was a groundbreaking discovery, and shock to many, when in the late 70's the Kūtan excavations in south-central Minhay uncovered artifacts from an unknown civilization that dated around 1500 BCE.  These artifacts included bronze tools and weapons, glazed pottery, lifelike statues and figurines, and the remnants of large stone buildings suggestive of palaces or temples.  Moreover, the remnants of several parchment scrolls written in an unknown script and language were found.  Less than a decade later, in March 12, 1985, several scrolls, in the same script as the ones found in Kūtan, were discovered in an inconspicuous cave in Mt. Irraħma.  Unlike the scrolls discovered in Kūtan, the ones found in Mt. Irraħma were dated as late as the 1700's.  These scrolls were written in the same language as Kūtan , but also included transcripts in the Minhast script, along with a dictionary and grammar, providing the Rosetta Stone to the Corrádi language.
So it was a groundbreaking discovery, and shock to many, when in the late 70's the Kūtan excavations in south-central Minhay uncovered artifacts from an unknown civilization that dated around 1500 BCE.  These artifacts included bronze tools and weapons, glazed pottery, lifelike statues and figurines, and the remnants of large stone buildings suggestive of palaces or temples.  Moreover, the remnants of several parchment scrolls written in an unknown script and language were found.  Less than a decade later, in March 12, 1985, several scrolls, in the same script as the ones found in Kūtan, were discovered in an inconspicuous cave in Mt. Irraħma.  Unlike the scrolls discovered in Kūtan, the ones found in Mt. Irraħma were dated as late as the 1700's.  These scrolls were written in the same language as Kūtan , but also included transcripts in the Minhast script, along with a dictionary and grammar, providing the Rosetta Stone to the Corrádi language<ref>The anonymous author explicitly stated in the introduction of both the dictionary and the grammar that it was his intention to "...perfectly preserve [my people's] language, that it shall not be destroyed by the Minhast barbarians, nor forgotten by the generations."</ref>.


The texts mentioned a city called Vórina which lay 50km south of the capital, Aškuan. In fact, the author had written precise directions where to find the lost city. Archaeologists went to where the purported Vórina was located, in an extensive hardwood forest that reached the edge of Minhay's southern coast. A few days before the archaeologists arrived, lidar imagery was taken of the area and revealed several large mounds underneath the canopy. Excavations began, and soon a treasure trove of artifacts were unearthed. Pillars and the remnants of buildings were found bearing a script very similar to the Irraħma scrolls engraved into the stone. Another surprise: in the lower strata were sedimentary deposits clearly indicating the city at one time was on the coastline. It was in this same strata that there were indications that a major earthquake had struck the area, and a thin layer of what could only be marine sediment - which could have been deposited there by a tsunami.  And one more disturbing discovery. Flint arrowheads and signs of fire damage abound in this layer. The flint arrowheads were the ''hattīya'', bearing the same design used by the Horse Speakers of the Central Plateau.
The texts mentioned a city called Vórina which lay 50km south of the capital, Aškuan. In fact, the author had written precise directions where to find the lost city. Archaeologists went to where the purported Vórina was located, in an extensive hardwood forest that reached the edge of Minhay's southern coast. A few days before the archaeologists arrived, lidar imagery was taken of the area and revealed several large mounds underneath the canopy. Excavations began, and soon a treasure trove of artifacts were unearthed. Pillars and the remnants of buildings were found bearing a script very similar to the Irraħma scrolls engraved into the stone. Another surprise: in the lower strata were sedimentary deposits clearly indicating the city at one time was on the coastline. It was in this same strata that there were indications that a major earthquake had struck the area, and a thin layer of what could only be marine sediment - which could have been deposited there by a tsunami.  And one more disturbing discovery. Flint arrowheads and signs of fire damage abound in this layer. The flint arrowheads were the ''hattīya'', bearing the same design used by the Horse Speakers of the Central Plateau.
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== Toponyms ==  
== Toponyms ==  
Even before the discovery of the Irraħma Manuscripts, various Corrádi words survived as toponyms in Ín Duári and Peshpeg.  In certain cases, it is unknown whether some of the names were originally Corradi, or if they were adopted from Ín Duári or Peshpeg into the Corradi language.  After the Wolf Speaker invasions, these toponyms were absorbed into their dialect , with some alteration to fit the dialect's phonology, replaced with a calque or translation of the Ín Duári or Peshpeg variant, or an outright replacement based on the topographical features of the location.<ref>The Corrádi language had long since disappeared by the time the Wolf Speakers had entered the Kilmay Ri, so all borrowings were through Ín Duári or Peshpeg sources.</ref>
Even before the discovery of the Irraħma Manuscripts, various Corrádi words survived as toponyms in Ín Duári and Peshpeg.  In certain cases, it is unknown whether some of the names were originally Corrádi, or if they were adopted from Ín Duári or Peshpeg into the Corrádi language.  After the Wolf Speaker invasions, these toponyms were absorbed into their dialect , with some alteration to fit the dialect's phonology, replaced with a calque or translation of the Ín Duári or Peshpeg variant, or an outright replacement based on the topographical features of the location.<ref>The Corrádi language had long since disappeared by the time the Wolf Speakers had entered the Kilmay Ri, so all borrowings were through Ín Duári or Peshpeg sources.</ref>




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| Kanzorél || Fresh Water || Gaenðyl || Kenzor || Kuznur
| Kanzorél || Fresh Water || Gaenðyl || Kenzor || Kuznur
|-
|-
| Azator || Orchard || Azdor || Ezdür || Kaykarayumbāt ("A Great Stand of Trees")
| Azator || Orchard || Azdor || Ezdür || Qayqarayumbāt ("A Great Stand of Trees")
|-
|-
| Aeredon || Overlook  || Aerðyn || Erdün || Siħy ("Advantageous view from a higher elevation for the purpose of attack")
| Aeredon || Overlook  || Aerðyn || Erdün || Siħyanki ("Advantageous view from a higher elevation for the purpose of attack")
|-
|-
| Nemkil || Corner || Naengileð || Kotash ("Meeting Place") || Xunnaš ("Rough Ground")
| Nemkil || Corner || Naengileð || Kotash ("Meeting Place") || Xunnaš ("Rough Ground")
|-
|-
| Ketra || Split || Girédra || Ketra || Kirāt
| Ketra || Split || Girédra || Ketra || Qirāt
|-
|-
| Karhō || Crossroads || Karhon || Oyür ("Ridgeline") || Qarħaq ("Sinew, thread")
| Karhō || Crossroads || Karhon || Oyür ("Ridgeline") || Qarħaq ("Sinew, thread")
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| Nargoi || Rivers Bend || Nergoïs || Nargoy || Narrūy
| Nargoi || Rivers Bend || Nergoïs || Nargoy || Narrūy
|-
|-
| Verhális || West Wind || Verhális || Okyur ("Windy") ||  Ukkūr
| Verhális || West Wind || Verhális || Okyur ("Windy") ||  Uqqūr
|-
|-
| Anthō/Aenthō || Fortress || Aeyaţin || Ansha || Nināha
| Anthō/Aenthō || Fortress || Aeyaţin || Ansha || Nināha
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=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
The orthography the Mount Irraħma author used was a modified version of the Minhast ''Širkattarnaft'', an abugida ultimately derived from the Baybayin script of the principal Philippine kingdoms, the Rajahnate of Kirmai, and the Sultunate of Daligan.  The author invented special characters and diacritics to indicate sounds not represented in the original ''Širkattarnaft'', accompanied with a full description in the Minhast Stone Speaker dialect on their pronunciation and usage.  Thus, an accurate representation of Corrádi phonology can be confidently reconstructed.<ref>This is unlike the extinct Vadi language, which contains numerous spelling irregularities and/or mistakes observed in the litigants' correspondence.  For more information, see [[Vadi#Orthographic_Systems|Vadi Orthography]].</ref>
Early work on the Corrádi language after its discovery saw the creation of two competing Romanization systems by Edward Johnson and Eric Weiss, two rivals from the University of Kentucky and Howard University, respectively.  Johnson's system was influenced by his training as a Latinist, whereas Weiss adopted the Americanist system, a common system used for Minhast and other Paleosiberian languages, the majority of Native American languages, the Afroasiatic languages, and others.  The two systems eventually led to confusion as later linguists used one system versus the other or sometimes even both.  To solve this problem, a third, compromise orthography was developed by Joshua Leonard of Yale University.  This third system combined both systems, each often serving as a subsystem assigned to a given word class, e.g. to represent  the phoneme /k/, the grapheme <c> was used for WH-words while <k> was utilized for place names.  Other times the choice on whether to use <c> or <k> would be dictated on the basis of which group's dictionary was the first to document a given word, and if that determination could not be made, a simple coin toss would determine which grapheme would be used. <ref>Virtually all Corrádists were unhappy with this compromise, which Leonard himself knew would be the result.  His response to critics: "A good compromise is when both parties are dissatisfied."</ref>.  A comparison of each system is summarized in the following table:
[TBD]
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Corrádi Consonantal Inventory'''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Bilabial  ||  Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal || Laryngeal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|  m
|  n
| 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| 
| k g
| ʔ
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fricative
! Non-Sibilant
| v
| θ
|
|
|
| h
|-
! Sibiliant
|
| s z
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricates
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximants
| w
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| r
| 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
<!--
<!--
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==Quantifiers==
==Quantifiers==
Quantifiers in Corrádi take two forms, a substantive form, and an attributive form.  As substantives, they syntactically behave like nouns, capable of assuming agent, patient, and oblique roles.  They do not take case marking, falling under the class of invariable nouns.  The attributive form is etymologically derived from the construct case, although some irregularities, principally in the vowel preceding the ''-n'' component of the construct affix, appear (e.g. ''contor<u>i</u>n'' vs. expected *''contoron'').  An intrusive ''-d-'' appears in ''coro<u>d</u>in'' "both", and ''míle<u>d</u>in'' "each".
Quantifiers in Corrádi take two forms, a substantive form, and an attributive form.  As substantives, they syntactically behave like nouns, capable of assuming agent, patient, and oblique roles.  However, they fall under the class of invariable nouns and take no case or number marking.  The attributive form is etymologically derived from the construct case, although some irregularities, principally in the vowel preceding the ''-n'' component of the construct affix, appear (e.g. ''contor<u>i</u>n'' vs. expected *''contoron'').  An intrusive ''-d-'' appears in ''coro<u>d</u>in'' "both".


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
|-
! All
! All
| zeda
| ae
| zedan
| aeian
|-
|-
! Most
! Most
| ayra
| aeira
| ayran
| aeiran
|-
|-
! Some
! Some
| cantor
| gaentor
| cantorin
| gaentorin
|-
|-
! Many
! Many
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| coron
| coron
| corodin
| corodin
|-
! Each
| mili
| míledin
|-
|-
! Few
! Few
| oroz
| oroz
| orozin
| orozin
|-
! Another/Other
| atra
| atran
|}
|}


==Determiners==
==Determiners==
Determiners perform several functions in Corrádi.  Before NPs, they mark the subject argument of a copula before its complement.   
Determiners perform several functions in Corrádi.  Before NPs, they mark the subject argument of a copula before its complement.  The principal determiner is ''im'', although another particle ''zan'', appears in rare occurrences.  There is no apparent difference between the particles, though some scholars speculate that ''zan'' may be an archaism.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Vara im reni tohar.  
|phrase = Yel avía im reni tohar.  
| IPA = /'vara ɪm 'rɛni tohar/
| IPA = /jɛl a'vija ɪm 'rɛni 'tohar/
| morphemes = var-a im reni tohar   
| morphemes = yel aví-a im reni tohar   
| gloss = be.NEG-1S DET woman bad
| gloss = NEG be.NEG-1S DET woman bad
| translation = I am not an evil woman.
| translation = I am not an evil woman.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ancaza <u>im</u> ieronza im reni im valak.  
|phrase = Ancaza <u>im</u> ieronz im reni im valak.  
| IPA = /an'kaza ɪm 'jɛronza ɪm 'rɛni ɪm valak/
| IPA = /an'kaza ɪm jɛ'ronza ɪm 'rɛni ɪm valak/
| morphemes = ancaz-a im iero-nza im reni im valak
| morphemes = ancaz-a im iero-nz im reni im valak
| gloss = know-1S DET steal.PST DET woman money
| gloss = know-1S DET steal-3S.PST DET woman DET money
| translation = I know the woman who stole the money.
| translation = I know the woman who stole the money.
}}
They are used before proper nouns:
{{Gloss
|phrase = Gorsenanz <u>im</u> Marvan, kortél.
| IPA =
| morphemes = gorsen-anza im Marvan kortél
| gloss = hit-1S.PST DET PN because
| translation = I hit Marvan for that reason.
}}
}}


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| style="text-align:center"| doion
| style="text-align:center"| doion
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| terien
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| terien
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| taris
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| varis
| style="text-align:center" | varien
| style="text-align:center" | varien
|-
|-
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| rena<u>ia</u> (singulative)
| rena<u>ia</u> (singulative)
|}
|}
A final class of nouns are invariable, i.e. they take neither case nor number marking.  These nouns make a small percentage of the total noun inventory, and are usually restricted to abstract nouns, as in the following examples:
*''baris'' "timelessness.
*''eren'' "rationalism, logic"
*''birion'' "friendship"


== Pronouns ==
== Pronouns ==
Pronouns are unmarked for gender and case, but do mark number with the prefix ''ai-'' accompanied with stem changes in all paradigms except the first person:
=== Personal Pronouns ===
The personal pronouns are unmarked for gender and case, but do mark number with the prefix ''ai-'' accompanied with stem changes in all paradigms except the first person:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| style="text-align:center"| hedi
| style="text-align:center"| hedi
| style="text-align:center"| <u>ai</u>di
| style="text-align:center"| <u>ai</u>di
|}
=== Indefinite Pronouns ===
The indefinite pronouns mark for polarity, with positive forms null-marked, and negative forms marked with the affixes  ''-ava-/-aví'', which is derived from the same etymological source as the negative verb ''aví''. Two cases are realised, direct and oblique, the latter consistently marked with the suffix ''-si''. 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Direct
! Oblique
|-
! both; each
| style="text-align:center"| mili
| style="text-align:center"| mílesi
|-
! other/another
| style="text-align:center"| atra
| style="text-align:center"| atrasi
|-
! everyone
| style="text-align:center"| oran
| style="text-align:center"| orasi
|-
! someone
| style="text-align:center"| nevra
| style="text-align:center"| nevrasi
|-
! no one
| style="text-align:center"| nevrataví
| style="text-align:center"| nevratavasí <!-- No etymological data for why this word as intrusive "-t-" -->
|-
! everything
| style="text-align:center"| taila
| style="text-align:center"| tailasi
|-
! something
| style="text-align:center"| vórida
| style="text-align:center"| vorídasi
|-
! nothing
| style="text-align:center"| voridaví
| style="text-align:center"| voridavasí
|}
|}


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|phrase = Narina ron Érovin, levá temi Roìdon
|phrase = Narina ron Érovin, levá temi Roìdon
| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = narin-a ron érovin le-vá temi Roìdon
| morphemes = narin-a ron érovin levá temi Roìdon
| gloss = go.to.TRS-PRS 2S place_name.DIR find-CONJ there Roìdon.  
| gloss = go.to.TRS-IMP 2S place_name.DIR find.CONJ there Roìdon.  
| translation = Go down to Érovin, and you will find Roìdon there.  
| translation = Go down to Érovin, and you will find Roìdon there.  
}}
}}
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| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = andrin-a ron Érovin, alan-ti terz-ien ni rom zidrá.  
| morphemes = andrin-a ron Érovin, alan-ti terz-ien ni rom zidrá.  
| gloss = return.from.TRS-PRS 2S place_name.DIR finish-PST business-CSTR CONN 2S.GEN CAUS
| gloss = return.from.TRS-IMP 2S place_name.DIR finish-PST business-CSTR CONN 2S.GEN CAUS
| translation = (Now) Return from Érovin, for you (will have?) finished your business.
| translation = (Now) Return from Érovin, for you (will have?) finished your business.
}}   
}}   
Line 373: Line 503:
1) Transitive Marking
1) Transitive Marking
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Maza ron dorati!
|phrase = Maza ron aina!
| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = maz-a ron dora-ti
| morphemes = maz-a ron aina
| gloss = come-TRS-PRS 2S 1P.EXC
| gloss = come-TRS-IMP 2S 1P
| translation = You come to us!
| translation = You come to us!
}}
}}
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| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = mai-a tiren-a ron
| morphemes = mai-a tiren-a ron
| gloss = come-PRS be.fast-PRS 2S
| gloss = come-IMP be.fast-IMP 2S
| translation = Come quickly!
| translation = Come quickly!
}}
}}
Line 396: Line 526:
Future: auxiliary ''mar'' + null-marked 3S verb
Future: auxiliary ''mar'' + null-marked 3S verb


1S: -a (elided if followed by vowel-initial word)
==== Present Tense ====
2S: ron (independent pronoun, no affix form)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
3S: null-marked, or followed by independent pronoun ''aya''
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>a</u>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>asi</u>, dor<u>as</u><ref>Second form used if followed by noun with initial ''i/e''.</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|dor<u>á</u>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| dor ron
| style="text-align:center"| dor aire
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>a</u>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>i</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>í</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| dor<ref>Null marking preferred if recoverable from context.</ref>, dor aia, dor neida<ref>Second form seems to be preferred when ''aia'' occurs in the same or preceding clause.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>i<u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor nani
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor nan<u>í</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>á</u> nan<u>í</u>
|}


1P: -asi/-as (second form used if followed by noun with initial ''i/e'')
==== Past Perfective Tense ====
2P: piri/pir
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
3S: aida, neida (second form seems to be preferred when ''aya'' occurs in the same or preceding clause)
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anza</u>, dor<u>anz</u> <ref>Second form used if followed by noun with initial vowel.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi</u>, dor<u>anz</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|dor<u>anzata</u>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| doranza ron
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aire
| style="text-align:center"| doranza, doranz
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzí</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aia, doranza neida<ref>Second form seems to be preferred when ''aia'' occurs in the same or preceding clause.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi<u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| doranza nani
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| doranza naní
|-
|}


Indefinite Sg/Pl: nani, or null-marked if recoverable by previous discourse.
==== Past Imperfective Tense ====
The past imperfective tense, based on the perfective, is formed by appending the clitic ''-ata'' or one of its other allomorphs to the last term of the verb phrase:


**Note:** With the exception of 1S/1P affixes, pro-drop occurs frequently, and in fact is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| doranza<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ata</u>, doranz<u>ata</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|doranz<u>ata</u><ref>Notice that both the past perfective and past imperfective forms are the same for the first person conjunctive forms.</ref>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| doranza ron<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aire<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranza<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| doranz ai<u>ta</u>, doranza neida<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| doranza náni<u>ta</u>
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| doranza naní<u>ta</u>
|-
|}


== Particles ==
== Particles ==
=== Prepositions ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Case Role
! Preposition
|-
! Dative
| style="text-align:center"| mara
|-
! Benefactive
| style="text-align:center"| corí
|-
! Adversive
| style="text-align:center"| doran
|-
! Allative
| style="text-align:center"| muoira
|-
! Ablative
| style="text-align:center"| ria
|-
! Commitative
| style="text-align:center"| senuai
|-
! Locative
| style="text-align:center"| anri
|}
=== Miscellaneous ===
* ''yel'' "no, not"


=Syntax=
=Syntax=
==Constituent order==
==Constituent order==
Corradi is a VSO language, although the position of the verb can vary, yielding SVO and SOV orders.  The relative  position of the subject to the object is stricter: the object may precede the subject only if topicalized by the particle ''na''.  Possessums precede their possessor, and whilst adjectives follow their noun heads.
Corradi is a VSO language, although the position of the verb can vary, yielding SVO and SOV orders.  The relative  position of the subject to the object is stricter: the object may precede the subject only if topicalized by the particle ''na''.  Possessums precede their possessor, whilst adjectives follow their noun heads.


==Noun phrase==
==Noun phrase==
Line 422: Line 693:
=Example texts=
=Example texts=
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Doranz Amzig Mioren danta konzi Regumon Perda nami
|phrase = Doranz Amzig Míoren danta konzi Regumon Perda mos
| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = dor-nz-a amzig mioren danta ko-nz-i regum-on perda mos.
| morphemes = dor-anz-a amzig míoren danta ko-nz-i regum-on perda mos.
| gloss = flee-PST-1P place.name place.name after destroy-PST-3PL people-CNSTR spear  
| gloss = flee-PST-1P place.name place.name after destroy-PST-3PL people-CNSTR spear city
| translation = We fled to Amzig from Miyoren after the People of the Spear sacked the city.
| translation = We fled to Amzig from Miyoren after the People of the Spear sacked the city.
}}
}}
Anyar
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