Cumbraek: Difference between revisions

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{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Cumbraek
|nativename = Cumbraek
|pronunciation = [kʌmˈbɾæːk]
|region = Great Britain
|states = England, Scotland
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2=[[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3=[[Insular Celtic]]
|fam4=[[Brythonic]]
|ancestor=[[Common Brythonic]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
'''Cumbraek''' is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England.
'''Cumbraek''' is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England.


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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| iː    y(ː)
| iː     
|
|      ʉ(ː)
|      u(ː)
|      u(ː)
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| ''hw''
| ''hw''
| /xw ~ ʍ/
| /ʍ/
| style="text-align:left;" | the distinction between /xw/ and /ʍ/ is largely a matter of personal choice
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''i''
| rowspan="2" | ''i''
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|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''ou''
| rowspan="2" | ''ou''
| /yː ~ ʉː/  
| /ʉː/  
| style="text-align:left;" | long; /ʉː/ is the southern form
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
|-
| /y ~ ʉ/
| /ʉ/
| style="text-align:left;" | short; /ʉ/ is the southern form
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
|-
| ''oy''
| ''oy''
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|-  
|-  
| ''r''
| ''r''
| /r/
| /ɾ/
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| ''g''
| ''g''
| ''h''
| ''h / -''
|  
|  
| ''ng''
| ''ng''
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| ''gw''
| ''gw''
| ''w''
| ''w''
|
| (''w'')
| ''nw''
| ''nw''
|-
|-
| ''j''
| ''j''
| ''y''
|  
|
|
| ''ny''
| ''ny''
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|-
|-
| ''ae''
| ''ae''
| rowspan="2" | ''ea''
| ''ei / ie''
|-
|-
| ''ay''
| ''ay''
| ''ey''
|-
|-
| ''oy''
| ''oy''
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There is no indefinite article in Cumbraek, the noun alone is indefinite (e.g. ''gur'' 'man, a man', ''gwrek'' 'woman, a woman').
There is no indefinite article in Cumbraek, the noun alone is indefinite (e.g. ''gur'' 'man, a man', ''gwrek'' 'woman, a woman').


The definite article is ''er'', sometimes reduced to '' 'r'' after a preposition ending in a vowel or after the locative verb''ema'' (e.g. ''er gur'' 'the man', ''du'r egloos'' 'to the church').
The definite article is ''er'', sometimes reduced to '' 'r'' after a preposition ending in a vowel or after the locative verb ''ema'' (e.g. ''er gur'' 'the man', ''du'r egloos'' 'to the church').


The definite article causes lenition to feminine nouns (e.g. ''er wrek'' 'the woman').
The definite article causes lenition to feminine nouns (e.g. ''er wrek'' 'the woman').
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Plurals may be formed in one of several ways:
Plurals may be formed in one of several ways:
* by adding an ending, most commonly ''-ow, -yow, -yon, -on, -edh, -et, -ot'' (e.g. ''cadow'' 'battles', ''dinyon'' 'people, men', ''privet'' 'insects')
* by adding an ending, most commonly ''-ow, -yow, -yon, -on, -edh, -ot'' (e.g. ''cadow'' 'battles', ''dinyon'' 'people, men', ''cathot'' 'cats')
* by alternation (e.g. ''bran'' 'raven' → ''bren'', ''oyn'' 'lamb' → ''oon'')
* by alternation (e.g. ''bran'' 'raven' → ''bren'', ''oyn'' 'lamb' → ''oon'')
* by adding an ending plus alternation (e.g. ''gwrek'' 'woman' → ''gwragedh'', ''map'' 'boy, son' → ''mebyon'')
* by adding an ending plus alternation (e.g. ''gwrek'' 'woman' → ''gwragedh'', ''map'' 'boy, son' → ''mebyon'')
* irregularly (e.g. ''ci'' 'dog' → ''cun'', ''didh'' 'day' → ''diow'', ''ti'' 'house' → ''tey'', ''hwair'' 'sister' → ''hwioredh'', ''broadur'' 'brother' → ''brodir'')
* irregularly (e.g. ''ci'' 'dog' → ''cun'', ''didh'' 'day' → ''diow'', ''ti'' 'house' → ''tei'', ''hwair'' 'sister' → ''hwioredh'', ''broadur'' 'brother' → ''brodir'')


A number of words, including many plant and tree names and many animals, have a base form with a collective meaning to which the singulative endings ''-inn'' (masc.) or ''-enn'' (fem.) are added (e.g. ''deriw'' 'oak trees' → ''derwenn'' 'oak tree', ''moch'' 'pigs' → ''mochinn'' 'a pig').
A number of words, including many plant and tree names and many animals, have a base form with a collective meaning to which the singulative endings ''-inn'' (masc.) or ''-enn'' (fem.) are added (e.g. ''deriw'' 'oak trees' → ''derwenn'' 'oak tree', ''moch'' 'pigs' → ''mochinn'' 'a pig').
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Adjectives following feminine singular nouns undergo lentition (e.g. ''gwrek voar'' 'large woman'). Where possible they also undergo the change of ''i'' → ''e'' and ''u'' → ''o'' (e.g. ''ci gwinn, cath wenn'' 'white dog, white cat', ''gur druk, gwrek dhrok'' 'bad man, bad woman').  
Adjectives following feminine singular nouns undergo lentition (e.g. ''gwrek voar'' 'large woman'). Where possible they also undergo the change of ''i'' → ''e'' and ''u'' → ''o'' (e.g. ''ci gwinn, cath wenn'' 'white dog, white cat', ''gur druk, gwrek dhrok'' 'bad man, bad woman').  


Adjectives may undergo alternation following plural nouns, though this is not always the case (e.g. ''ti glan'' 'clean house' → ''tey glen'').  
A few adjectives retain old plural forms, used following a plural noun. These are ''bechan'' 'small' pl. ''bechen', ''yowank'' 'young' pl. ''yowenk'' and ''maruw'' 'dead' pl. ''meriw''.


An '''exclamative''' adjective can be formed by adding ''-het'' to the positive (e.g. ''gwinnet'' 'how white!, so white!', ''glanhet'' 'how clean!, so clean!'). This may also be used as an '''equative''' adjective in phrases like ''cun winnet a'r err'' 'as white as the snow'.
An '''exclamative''' adjective can be formed by adding ''-het'' to the positive (e.g. ''gwinnet'' 'how white!, so white!', ''glanhet'' 'how clean!, so clean!'). The adverb ''mar'' 'how, so' can also be used with longer adjectives to produce an exclamative (e.g. ''mar dhiwedhar'' 'so late').  


The ''''comparative'''' adjective is formed by adding ''-ach'' to the positive adjective, and the superlative takes ''-hav'' (e.g. ''gwinnach'' 'whiter', ''gwinnav'' 'whitest', ''caledach'' 'harder', ''calettav' 'hardest').  
The '''equative'' is formed with the adverb ''cen''<sup>L</sup> 'as' preceding the positive adjective (e.g. ''cen winn a'r err'' 'as white as the snow').
 
The ''''comparative'''' adjective is formed by adding ''-ach'' to the positive adjective, and the superlative takes ''-hav'' (e.g. ''gwinnach'' 'whiter', ''gwinnav'' 'whitest', ''caledach'' 'harder', ''calettav'' 'hardest').  


The following adjectives are compared irregularly:
The following adjectives are compared irregularly:
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| near
| near
| ''agos''
| ''agos''
| ''nesset''
| ''cen nes''
| ''nes''
| ''nes''
| ''nessav''
| ''nessav''
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| small
| small
| ''bechan''
| ''bechan''
| ''leyhet''
| ''cen vechan''
| ''ley''
| ''ley''
| ''leyhav''
| ''leyhav''
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| young
| young
| ''yowank''
| ''yowank''
| ''yohwet''
| ''cen yowank''
| ''yow''
| ''yow''
| ''yohwav''
| ''yohwav''
|}
|}
Adverbs of quality may be formed by placing ''en''<sup>L</sup> before an adjective (e.g. ''en dha'' 'well', ''en gadarn'' 'strongly').


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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! style="" |3sg m.
! style="" |3sg m.
| ''ev''
| ''ev''
| ''-y''<sup><small>H</small></sup>, ''-w''<sup><small>H</small></sup>
| ''-y''<sup><small>H</small></sup>
| ''i''<sup><small>L</small></sup>
| ''i''<sup><small>L</small></sup>
| '''y''<sup><small>L</small></sup>
| '''y''<sup><small>L</small></sup>
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The '''subject''' pronouns are used:
The '''subject''' pronouns are used:
* before a personal verb to express the subject (e.g. ''mi carav'' 'I love')
* before a personal verb to express the subject (e.g. ''mi carav'' 'I love')
* as auxiliary pronouns, added to the end of a verb by a hyphen for clarity (e.g. ''eth welus-ev'' 'he saw you')
* as auxiliary pronouns, added to the end of a verb by a hyphen for clarity (e.g. ''eth welas-ev'' 'he saw you')
* as auxiliary pronouns, in conjunction with possessive adjectives (e.g. ''i nen-hi'' 'her grandmother')
* as auxiliary pronouns, in conjunction with possessive adjectives (e.g. ''i nen-hi'' 'her grandmother')
* independently following prepositions and conjunctions (e.g. ''mi a thi'' 'me and you')
* independently following prepositions and conjunctions (e.g. ''mi a thi'' 'me and you')
* as the object of an imperative verb (e.g. ''ladh oo'' 'kill them')
* as the object of an imperative verb (e.g. ''ladh oo'' 'kill them')


The '''object''' pronouns must be attached to a preverbal particle or, in extremely colloquial usage, to a subject pronoun preceding the verb (e.g. ''eth garav'' or ''mith garav'' 'I love you'). 3sg masculine ''-w'' is used following the perfective particle ''ru'' (e.g. ''ruw gwelest'' 'you have seen him').
The '''object''' pronouns must be attached to a preverbal particle (e.g. ''eth garav'' 'I love you').


The '''possessive''' pronouns are used:
The '''possessive''' pronouns are used:
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|-
|-
! where
! where
| ''p'le''  
| ''cu''<sup>S</sup>, ''cud''
|
|
|-
|-
! when
! when
| ''p'oar'' <br> ''pe brit''  
| ''p'oar''
|
|
|-
|-
! how
! how
| ''pe dhel' '' <br> ''pe vodh''  
| ''pe dhel' ''
|
|
|-
|-
! why
! why
| ''p'rak'' <br> ''per''  
| ''per''  
|
|
|-  
|-  
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Regular Verbs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! |
! colspan="4" | Indicative
! style="width: 150px; " rowspan="2" | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 50px; " |
! style="width: 150px; " | Present
! style="width: 150px; " | Imperfect
! style="width: 150px; " | Preterite
! style="width: 150px; " | Pluperfect
|-
! 1sg <br> 2sg <br> 3sg <br> 1pl <br> 2pl <br> 3pl <br> Imp
|'' parav <br> peridh <br> per <br> paren <br> paret <br> parant <br> perir''
| ''parun <br> parout <br> pare <br> parem <br> parewch <br> parent <br> perit''
| ''peres <br> perest <br> peris <br> parsam <br> parsawch <br> parsant <br> parat''
| ''parsun <br> parsout <br> parse <br> parsem <br> parsewch <br> parsent <br> persit''
| ''- <br> par <br> paret <br> parem <br> perit <br> parent <br> -
|-''
|}
===Verbal Particles===
===Verbal Particles===
Verbal particles are key to Cumbraek syntax, indicating subordination, negation, interrogatives and more.  
Verbal particles are key to Cumbraek syntax, indicating subordination, negation, interrogatives and more.  
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