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===To do===
===To do===
''''Tenecwap cwâr cwŷr dol 'ôffan pen et ffelârh dolh tecwab c'hâr ngâbàf.''''
''"Tecwap cwâr cwŷr dol 'ôffan pen et ffelârh dolh tecwab c'hâr ngâbàf."''


Language is always expanding to meet the needs of an expanding language.
Language is always expanding to meet the needs of an expanding language.


Currently this language is in the early stages of development.
-Currently many roots relate back to Fén words that should be unique to the language [fén having the meaning of a person, bé[r] having the meaning of "good", etc, etc], the goal for now will be purging these.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Pharyngeal
! style="width: 68px; " |Epiglottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
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! style="" |Nasal
! style="" |Nasal
| m
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| ŋ
| ŋ
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! style="" |Plosive
! style="" |Plosive
| b/p
| b/p
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| t/d
| t/d
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| q/ɢ
| q/ɢ
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|  
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| f/v
| f/v
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| ʃ/ʒ
| ʃ/ʒ
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| χ/ɣ
| χ/ɣ
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! style="" |Affricate
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! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
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|-
|-
! style="" |Trill
! style="" |Trill
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| r
| r
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|  
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|  
| ʀ
| ʀ
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|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
! style="" |Lateral app.
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! style="" |Lateral fric.
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| l
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| ʎ
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! style="" |Lateral app.
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! style="" |Lateral flap
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===Essentials===
===Essentials===


====Genders====
====Pronouns====
 
Cwengâr pronouns are gendered, while the inclusive/exclusive We not been developed as in Fén. Unlike Fén, Cwengâr preserves the Proto-Occidens pronouns which Fén eliminates.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pronoun !! Fem. !! Masc.
|-
| 1S || Ty || Du
|-
| 2S || Ra || Rhà
|-
| 3S || Le || Lho
|-
| 1P || Ŷsh || Ês
|-
| 2P || Yra || Ôrhà
|-
| 3P  || Âla || Ulhà
|}
 
 
====Broad & Slender====
 
In Cwengâr there is a necessary accord between vowels and consonants, which can be paralleled to the Gaelic terms of "Broad" and "Slender";


Perhaps the most major departure from Fén is that Cwengâr revives the masculine/feminine distinction of the older form, however, Cwengâr, it is the initial vowel and consonant which determine the gender. This has lead to a gender change in many inanimate objects as well as some alterations titles and names in order to preserve names.  
*Front-Closed vowels tend toward the Slender category and the preceding consonants will always be Unvoiced. R or L may also precede them.
*Back-Open vowels tend toward the "Broad" category and preceding consonants will be Voiced. Rh or Lh may also precede them.


The initial vowel and consonant also modify the final consonant of the preceding word in order to further emphasize it.
An exception to this rule of accord is Nasal consonants which do not have a voiced/unvoiced distinction.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="align:center;
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="align:center;
!|Masc
!|Broad
!|Fem.
!|Slender
|-
|-
|ê
|ê
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|}   
|}   


a is usually feminine, but this may not be the case when the /ə/ sound is not marked separately (usually as"à").
This division has also taken on secondary relevance in regards to gender as Broad syllables are considered more masculine and Slender more Feminine [and in some dialects diminuitive]. Thus personal names as well as some titles, placenames and animals may be either made Broad or Slender by switching to the corresponding vowel above.
 
If the vowel is masculine, the preceding consonant is unvoiced. If Feminine, the consonant is voiced. r and l also agree with feminine vowels, while rh and lh agree with masculine ones. Nasal consonants are wholly neutral.
 
The primary relevance of this is in personal names and occaisionally in assigning genders to titles and animals, where the first vowel is changed to the corresponding letter on the table above.  


The use for titles is generally rare and will occur mostly etymologically rather than grammatically, "Cwŷshyn" [King] for example is technically a feminine term, but relates to law and legitimacy over the land which is traditionally feminine. Cwŷson is a variation which occurs when the last syllable is made masculine but Cwŷshyn precedes the distinction and is usually left alone unless relevant.
Most inanimate objects or nouns being used in general conversation, when gender is not in question, will simply use the etymological origin which predates this distinction. Thus most dialects prefer the very masculine title of "Cwŷdyn" [King] rather than Gwêdyn or Gwêdynôn.  


For animals, the distinction usually defaults towards feminine or the roots of the term but when an animal's gender is relevant, the first letter will be changed; merygw "Sheep" becomes "morygw" or "ram".  
Even with animals, the distinction usually to the roots of the term for a gender neutral term but when an animal's gender is relevant, the syllable may be changed to emphasize gender; merygw "Sheep" becomes "morygw" or "ram".  


To emphasize gender in a noun which defaults to the gender, a suffix if added; Female is usually signaled with an addition at the end or "-ŷn" or "-yn".  "-ul" may be used at times to emphasize age. Male in turn is signified with "-on" or "-àn". "-àl" is a paternal counterpart to "-ul" but is used more rarely usually only for people seen actively serving as guardians.
To emphasize gender in a noun which defaults to the gender, a suffix if added; Female is usually signaled with an addition at the end or "-ŷn" or "-yn".  "-ul" may be used at times to emphasize age. Male in turn is signified with "-on" or "-àn". "-àl" is a paternal counterpart to "-ul" but is used more rarely usually only for people seen actively serving as guardians.


Thus ''merycwŷn'' is an "ewe" while ''merycwul'' would be an "old-ewe" or "mother-sheep", while ''morygwàl'' might be used to refer to an old sheep.
Thus ''merycwŷn'' is an "ewe" while ''merycwul'' would be an "old-ewe" or "mother-sheep", while ''morygwàl'' might be used to refer to an old male-sheep.
 
====Pronouns====
 
Cwengâr pronouns are gendered, while the inclusive/exclusive We not been developed as in Fén. Unlike Fén, Cwengâr preserves the vestigal Galavic pronouns which Fén eliminates.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pronoun !! Fem. !! Masc.
|-
| 1S || Ty || Du
|-
| 2S || Ra || Rhà
|-
| 3S || Le || Lho
|-
| 1P || Ŷsh || Ês
|-
| 2P || Yra || Ôrhà
|-
| 3P  || Âla || Ulhà
|}


====Consonant Agreement Between Words====
====Consonant Agreement Between Words====


The Masculine-Feminine Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example;
The Broad-Slender Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun, verb or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example;


fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty.
fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty.


The noun "fo'gw" agrees with the feminine adjective ["tâ-"] by becoming unvoiced ["focw"], similarly, the adjective becomes feminine;  [tâny''gw''-> tâny''cw'']
The noun "fo'gw" agrees with the slender syllable ["tâ-"] in the preceding adjective by becoming unvoiced ["focw"], similarly, the adjective becomes feminine;  [tâny''gw''-> tâny''cw'']


However, the ending of mery''gw'' [sheep] which is masculine remains so, despite the next word starting with an unvoiced "t" [-gw remains -gw].
However, the ending of mery''gw'' [sheep] which is masculine remains so, despite the next word starting with an unvoiced "t" [-gw remains -gw].
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====Mutations====
====Mutations====
Cwengâr has two kinds of mutations which can occur depending on the function of the word in the sentance that either "strengthens" or "weakens" the initial consonant.


A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed.
A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed.
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|ff
|ff
| '
| '
|b
|p
|-
|-
| f
| f
| '
| '
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| b
|-
|-
|n
|n
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An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel.
An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel.


====Genitive Case====
 
====Pluralization====
 
Words are pluralized by adding "-àf" if the last vowel is masculine and "-aff" if feminine.
 
===Noun Forms===
 
====Genitive Form====


In Cwengâr, the possessive is expressed with a hard declension on the possessed object.  
In Cwengâr, the possessive is expressed with a hard declension on the possessed object.  
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| ""E cwân âd lho?""
| colspan="8"| ""E cwân âd hês?""
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɛ qen ed ʎɑ/
| colspan="8"| /ɛ qen ed hɣs/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|<small>cwân</small>
|<small>cwân</small>
|<small>âd</small>
|<small>âd</small>
|<small>lho</small>
|<small>hês</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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|<small>make</small>
|<small>make</small>
|<small>this</small>
|<small>this</small>
|<small>us</small>
|<small>obj\us</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
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|}
|}


====Pluralization====
====Vocative====
A person may be addressed directly with  followed by their lenitioned name;
 
"John, go to the store please."
 
"'''Â Hon''', ffeLhô dy lhotenan"
 
Unlike Fén Ghír, the location of this is in a sentance is fairly flexible;
 
"'''Â Hon''', ffeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr"
 
"FfeLhô dy lhotenan, '''â Hon''', pen shecwan ô shanyr."
 
"FfeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr, â Hon."
 
 
====An Alternate Interpretation====
 
To those more acquianted with declining and conjugating languages and less interested in historical interpretation of Cwengâr's grammar could consider the these mutations and accords as filling a similar niche to cases. It is rare that a single word may be used in all of these senses in common situations and in this case "Clothing" has been used even if Adjectival and Adverbal forms are rare.
 
Neutral:
 
*Gwotad : /ɢɑtad/ : Subject Form for "Clothing".
*Gwota(d): /ɢɑtad/, /ɢɑtat/, /ɢɑta/: Consonant Accord- This occurs in Adjectives, Adverbs and Verbs thus "Clothing-like", "Clothingly" and "To Clothe", others dialects treat verbs as nouns..  Whether these consonants are voiced is determined by the initial consonant of the next word. If there the next word begins with a vowel, most dialects will leave it as it is, others will default to voiced and some
 
Soft Mutation:
*G'hotad: /ɣɑtad/ : Object Form for "Clothing".
*Â g'hotad : /e ɣɑtad/ : Vocative Form.
*G'hota(d): /ɣɑtad/, /ɣɑtat/, /ɣɑta/- : A present tense verb which is preceded by Adverbs in order to further distinguish it from the Adverbs.


Words are pluralized by adding "-àf" if the last vowel is masculine and "-aff" if feminine.
Hard Mutation:
*Ngotad : /ŋɑtad/ : Genitive Object "My Clothes".
*Ngota(d) : /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ :  Subordinate Genitive "My Clothes' Cleaner".
*[A/Ma/Gwô/Te/Dô/Cwŷ]-ngota(d) : /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ : Conjugated Verb "[Un/Was/Will/Must/May] Clothes
*[Ha/Ffa/G'hô/She/Sô/C'hŷ]-ngota(d): /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ : Conjugated Verb preceded by an adjective will have a soft mutation in the initial letter.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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| A- || Negative
| A- || Negative
|-
|-
| -Te-|| Progressive/Past
| -Te-|| Past
|-
|-
| -Dô- || Future
| -Dô- || Future
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|}
|}


*Te on its own usually implies an action that has taken place consistantly over time. If it is a thing that happened but is not happening currently, a time is specificed after, or else "gwô 'ogw" [at another time] is used.
Complex Tenses;


"I [masc] am able to eat"
More complicated tenses are expressed by giving a time frame later in the sentance rather than any modifications on the verb proper.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\Guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I took the sheep in here."
|}


Ganegw du.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât cwâff hucwy."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het qef hʊqy/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|<small>cwâff</small>
|<small>hugwy.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|<small>before</small>
|<small>now</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I used to take the sheep in here."
|}


"I [fem] will not be able to eat this after today"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
Anônganecw ty hâd gwof ghôl.
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât cwâ hucwâ."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het qe hʊqe/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hucwâ.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>then</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I took in the sheep then."
|}


===Verb and Noun Phrases===
===Verb and Noun Phrases===
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! width="100"|Determiner
! width="100"|Determiner
|}
|}
===Subject/Object Distinction===
The Subject of the sentance follows the Verb and is not mutated unless it follows after adjectives.
The Direct Object of the sentance follows the Subject and undergoes soft mutation regardless of the prescence of adjectives.
If there is no subject in a sentance, the direct object may be preceded by an "a"


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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If a pronoun is the object following a preposition, then it may be shortened by adding the above suffix after the preposition. This is not to be done when the pronoun is the possessor.
If a pronoun is the object following a preposition, then it may be shortened by adding the above suffix after the preposition. This is not to be done when the pronoun is the possessor.
===Vocative===
A person may be addressed directly with  followed by their lenitioned name;
"John, go to the store please."
"'''Â Hon''', ffeLhô dy lhotenan"
Unlike Fén Ghír, the location of this is in a sentance is fairly flexible;
"'''Â Hon''', ffeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr"
"FfeLhô dy lhotenan, '''â Hon''', pen shecwan ô shanyr."
"FfeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr, â Hon."


===Determiners===
===Determiners===
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|Egwàf
|Egwàf
|-
|-
|Fem
|Slender
|ucwy
|ucwy
|ucwa
|ucwa
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|}
|}


This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use feminine traditionally.
This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use the Slender form traditionally.
 
Unlike Fén which has very clearly distinct Determiners, the nature of Cwengâr determiners are determined by preposition often, thus questions such as "Why", "Who", "Where" & " How"are determined by preposition or other auxiliary;
 
*"Pon [e] hat?" is Why
*"Cwe [e] hat" is Where similarly, though in this case the preposition changes towards the relevant preposition; Towards, In, After, etc.
*"Alŷn [e] at"/"Ôlhon [e] âd" is "Who"
 
*"How" is usually asked "Târ... rŷ/rhàlh e âd[à]/ât[a]?" or "do... by what?"


===Relative Clauses===
===Relative Clauses===
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''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''
''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''
===Notable Features===
====Yes/No====
Cwengâr does not have a term for yes or no but rather will reply with an shortened affirmative or negative, most simply, "''Te ât''" or a suitable determiner depending on the situation.


==Practical Use==
==Practical Use==
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*Ffan ô fon.
*Ffan ô fon.
“What is your name?”
“What is your name?”
*E ne ffemocw gwu rhà?
*E ne - gwu rhà?
*E ne ffemocw cwy ra?
*E ne - cwy ra?
"It is ______"
"It is ______"
*Te _______
*Te _______
Line 1,027: Line 1,061:
I may consider including further pronouns, esp. incl. v. excl. "we" since the current form is too indo-european for my liking.
I may consider including further pronouns, esp. incl. v. excl. "we" since the current form is too indo-european for my liking.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
===Transitive Copula===
 
Considering adding a shortened form of "nulan" [stand], "lhud" [sit], "ôlhorh" [rest] or "nâg'h" [lie]  as a transitive Copula as opposed to "Te" that would serve the function of progressive and fill more temporary states. This would fill the same niche as "Ser" an "Estar" in Spanish or "Is" an "Tá" in Irish.
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category: Cwengâr]]
[[Category:Cwengâr]]
[[Category:Zewani-Western languages]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
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