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Cwengâr (view source)

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===To do===
===To do===
''''Tenecwap cwâr cwŷr dol 'ôffan pen et ffelârh dolh tecwab c'hâr ngâbàf.''''
''"Tecwap cwâr cwŷr dol 'ôffan pen et ffelârh dolh tecwab c'hâr ngâbàf."''


Language is always expanding to meet the needs of an expanding language.
Language is always expanding to meet the needs of an expanding language.
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! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Pharyngeal
! style="width: 68px; " |Epiglottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! style="" |Nasal
| m
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| n
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| ŋ
| ŋ
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! style="" |Plosive
! style="" |Plosive
| b/p
| b/p
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| t/d
| t/d
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| q/ɢ
| q/ɢ
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|  
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| f/v
| f/v
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| ʃ/ʒ
| ʃ/ʒ
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| χ/ɣ
| χ/ɣ
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! style="" |Affricate
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! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
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|-
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! style="" |Trill
! style="" |Trill
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| r
| r
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| ʀ
| ʀ
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! style="" |Flap or tap
! style="" |Lateral app.
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! style="" |Lateral fric.
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! style="" |Lateral app.
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! style="" |Lateral flap
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====Consonant Agreement Between Words====
====Consonant Agreement Between Words====


The Masculine-Feminine Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun, verb or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example;
The Broad-Slender Consonant Distinction carries over between words as well as within them; Unless the word is a noun, verb or determiner, then the final consonant will shift according to the gender of the word after it, thus, the example;


fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty.
fo''cw'' tânycw mery''gw'' ta ty.


The noun "fo'gw" agrees with the feminine adjective ["tâ-"] by becoming unvoiced ["focw"], similarly, the adjective becomes feminine;  [tâny''gw''-> tâny''cw'']
The noun "fo'gw" agrees with the slender syllable ["tâ-"] in the preceding adjective by becoming unvoiced ["focw"], similarly, the adjective becomes feminine;  [tâny''gw''-> tâny''cw'']


However, the ending of mery''gw'' [sheep] which is masculine remains so, despite the next word starting with an unvoiced "t" [-gw remains -gw].
However, the ending of mery''gw'' [sheep] which is masculine remains so, despite the next word starting with an unvoiced "t" [-gw remains -gw].
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|ff
|ff
| '
| '
|b
|p
|-
|-
| f
| f
| '
| '
| p
| b
|-
|-
|n
|n
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An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel.
An "n" is use for hard mutations in a word beginning with a vowel.


====An Alternate Interpretation====


To those more acquianted with declining and conjugating languages and less interested in historical interpretation of Cwengâr's grammar could consider the these mutations and accords as filling a similar niche to cases. It is rare that a single word may be used in all of these senses in common situations and in this case "Clothing" has been used even if Adjectival and Adverbal forms are rare.
====Pluralization====


Neutral:
Words are pluralized by adding "-àf" if the last vowel is masculine and "-aff" if feminine.
 
*Gwotad - /ɢɑtad/ - Subject Form for "Clothing".
*Gwota(d)- /ɢɑtad/, /ɢɑtat/, /ɢɑta/- Consonant Accord- This occurs in Adjectives and Adverbs, in many it occurs in Verbs as well, thus "Clothing-like", "Clothingly" and "To Clothe", others dialects treat verbs as nouns..  Whether these consonants are voiced is determined by the initial consonant of the next word. If there the next word begins with a vowel, most dialects will leave it as it is, others will default to voiced and some
 
Soft Mutation:
*G'hotad- /ɣɑtad/ - Object Form for "Clothing", may also occur when a present tense verb is preceded by an adjective.
*Â g'hotad-/e ɣɑtad/-


Hard Mutation:
===Noun Forms===
*Ngotad- /ŋɑtad/ - Genitive Object "My Clothes".
*Ngota(d)- /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ -  Subordinate Genitive "My Clothes' Cleaner".
*[A/Te/Dô/Cwŷ/Ma/Gwô]ngota(d)- Conjugated Verb "[Un/Was/Will/Must/May] Clothes


====Genitive Form====
====Genitive Form====
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| ""E cwân âd lho?""
| colspan="8"| ""E cwân âd hês?""
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɛ qen ed ʎɑ/
| colspan="8"| /ɛ qen ed hɣs/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|<small>cwân</small>
|<small>cwân</small>
|<small>âd</small>
|<small>âd</small>
|<small>lho</small>
|<small>hês</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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|<small>make</small>
|<small>make</small>
|<small>this</small>
|<small>this</small>
|<small>us</small>
|<small>obj\us</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
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"FfeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr, â Hon."
"FfeLhô dy lhotenan pen shecwan ô shanyr, â Hon."


====Pluralization====


Words are pluralized by adding "-àf" if the last vowel is masculine and "-aff" if feminine.
====An Alternate Interpretation====
 
To those more acquianted with declining and conjugating languages and less interested in historical interpretation of Cwengâr's grammar could consider the these mutations and accords as filling a similar niche to cases. It is rare that a single word may be used in all of these senses in common situations and in this case "Clothing" has been used even if Adjectival and Adverbal forms are rare.
 
Neutral:
 
*Gwotad : /ɢɑtad/ : Subject Form for "Clothing".
*Gwota(d): /ɢɑtad/, /ɢɑtat/, /ɢɑta/: Consonant Accord- This occurs in Adjectives, Adverbs and Verbs thus "Clothing-like", "Clothingly" and "To Clothe", others dialects treat verbs as nouns..  Whether these consonants are voiced is determined by the initial consonant of the next word. If there the next word begins with a vowel, most dialects will leave it as it is, others will default to voiced and some
 
Soft Mutation:
*G'hotad: /ɣɑtad/ : Object Form for "Clothing".
*Â g'hotad : /e ɣɑtad/ : Vocative Form.
*G'hota(d): /ɣɑtad/, /ɣɑtat/, /ɣɑta/- : A present tense verb which is preceded by Adverbs in order to further distinguish it from the Adverbs.
 
Hard Mutation:
*Ngotad : /ŋɑtad/ : Genitive Object "My Clothes".
*Ngota(d) : /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ :  Subordinate Genitive "My Clothes' Cleaner".
*[A/Ma/Gwô/Te/Dô/Cwŷ]-ngota(d) : /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ : Conjugated Verb "[Un/Was/Will/Must/May] Clothes
*[Ha/Ffa/G'hô/She/Sô/C'hŷ]-ngota(d): /ŋɑtad/, /ŋɑtat/, /ŋɑta/ : Conjugated Verb preceded by an adjective will have a soft mutation in the initial letter.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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| A- || Negative
| A- || Negative
|-
|-
| -Te-|| Progressive/Past
| -Te-|| Past
|-
|-
| -Dô- || Future
| -Dô- || Future
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|}
|}


*Te on its own usually implies an action that has taken place consistantly over time. If it is a thing that happened but is not happening currently, a time is specificed after, or else "gwô 'ogw" [at another time] is used.
Complex Tenses;


"I [masc] am able to eat"
More complicated tenses are expressed by giving a time frame later in the sentance rather than any modifications on the verb proper.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\Guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I took the sheep in here."
|}


Ganegw du.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât cwâff hucwy."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het qef hʊqy/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|<small>cwâff</small>
|<small>hugwy.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|<small>before</small>
|<small>now</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I used to take the sheep in here."
|}


"I [fem] will not be able to eat this after today"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
Anônganecw ty hâd gwof ghôl.
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| "Tenelânârh ty perŷgwàf cwâ hât cwâ hucwâ."
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /tɛnɛleneʀ ty pɛrʏɢɛv qe het qe hʊqe/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>Te-</small>
|<small>-n\elârâ\r</small>
|<small>ty</small>
|<small>p\erŷgw-</small>
|<small>-àf</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hât.</small>
|<small>cwâ</small>
|<small>hucwâ.</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|<small>PST-</small>
|<small>-V\guide\F</small>
|<small>1S.F</small>
|<small>SBJ\sheep-</small>
|<small>-PL</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>Det</small>
|<small>in</small>
|<small>then</small>
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| "I took in the sheep then."
|}


===Verb and Noun Phrases===
===Verb and Noun Phrases===
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! width="100"|Determiner
! width="100"|Determiner
|}
|}
===Subject/Object Distinction===
The Subject of the sentance follows the Verb and is not mutated unless it follows after adjectives.
The Direct Object of the sentance follows the Subject and undergoes soft mutation regardless of the prescence of adjectives.
If there is no subject in a sentance, the direct object may be preceded by an "a"


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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|Egwàf
|Egwàf
|-
|-
|Fem
|Slender
|ucwy
|ucwy
|ucwa
|ucwa
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|}
|}


This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use feminine traditionally.
This is a trickier case for gender as it is not always apparent. Typically it is determined by the gender of the noun which is being refered to by it, however if the gender is unclear [such as when asking a question or with a generality, such as the case of "What is it?"], one would use the Slender form traditionally.


Unlike Fén which has very clearly distinct Determiners, the nature of Cwengâr determiners are determined by preposition often, thus questions such as "Why", "Who", "Where" & " How"are determined by preposition or other auxiliary;  
Unlike Fén which has very clearly distinct Determiners, the nature of Cwengâr determiners are determined by preposition often, thus questions such as "Why", "Who", "Where" & " How"are determined by preposition or other auxiliary;  
Line 1,006: Line 1,005:


''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''
''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''
===Notable Features===
====Yes/No====
Cwengâr does not have a term for yes or no but rather will reply with an shortened affirmative or negative, most simply, "''Te ât''" or a suitable determiner depending on the situation.


==Practical Use==
==Practical Use==
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*Ffan ô fon.
*Ffan ô fon.
“What is your name?”
“What is your name?”
*E ne ffemocw gwu rhà?
*E ne - gwu rhà?
*E ne ffemocw cwy ra?
*E ne - cwy ra?
"It is ______"
"It is ______"
*Te _______
*Te _______
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I may consider including further pronouns, esp. incl. v. excl. "we" since the current form is too indo-european for my liking.
I may consider including further pronouns, esp. incl. v. excl. "we" since the current form is too indo-european for my liking.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
===Transitive Copula===
 
Considering adding a shortened form of "nulan" [stand], "lhud" [sit], "ôlhorh" [rest] or "nâg'h" [lie]  as a transitive Copula as opposed to "Te" that would serve the function of progressive and fill more temporary states. This would fill the same niche as "Ser" an "Estar" in Spanish or "Is" an "Tá" in Irish.
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category: Cwengâr]]
[[Category:Cwengâr]]
[[Category:Zewani-Western languages]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
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