Doidhesh: Difference between revisions

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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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Revision as of 01:38, 8 July 2022

Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Doidhesh
Doidhesh sweazh
Dœðesc swjec
Pronunciation[ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".

Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".

Phonology

Orthography

Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:

  1. Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
  2. Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.

This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.

Consonants

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
m m m
p p; pp¹ p; pp¹
b b b
f f; v² f; ff¹
v v v
n n n
t t; tt¹ t; tt¹
d d d
θ th; dh² þ; þþ¹
ð dh ð
s s; z² s; ss¹
z z z
r r r
l l l
tch; t³ tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
j; d³ dj; d_j⁴
ʃ sh; zh²; s³ c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
ʒ zh; z³ zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
ɲ ny; n³ nj; n_j⁴
c kj; k_j⁴
ɟ gj; g_j⁴
ç hj; h_j⁴
j y; ∅³ j
ʎ lj; l_j⁴
ŋ n⁸ n⁸
k k k
ɡ g g
x h⁹; ch; gh² h; hh¹
w w; ∅¹⁰ w

Notes:

¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.

² Word-finally when it lenites.

³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.

⁴ When separated with -w-.

⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.

⁶ Before tj.

⁷ When lenited from -c.

⁸ Before velar consonants.

⁹ Word-initially.

¹⁰ Before oa.

Vowels

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
ɑ a a
æ ä ä
au á
ai æ
ɛ e e
ei é
jɛ; ɛ¹ ea je
ɪ i i
i ie í
ɔ o o
ou ó
wɔ; ɔ² oa wo
ʊ u u
u ue ú
œ ö ö
øɪ oi œ
jœ; œ¹ eo
ʏ ü y
y üe ý
œʊ eu öu
jœʊ; œʊ¹ eou jöu

Notes:

¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.

² After /w/.

Morphophonology

Lenition

When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.

Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.

The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.

Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
Phoneme Unlenited form Lenited form Non-leniting equivalent
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
p p p v v v pp pp
f v f f ff
t t t ð dh ð tt tt
θ dh þ th þþ
s z s z z z s ss
ʃ zh c ʒ zh cz sh cc, sc
k k k ∅¹ ∅¹ ∅¹ ck kk
x gh h ch hh

Notes:

¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).

Vowel simplifications

When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.

First vowel Second vowel Result Remarks
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý ai æ
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu au á
e, ei e, é a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ei é
e, ei e, é au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
e, ei e, é ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ea je a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ea je
ea je au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ea je ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
i, ie i, í a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ie í
i, ie i, í au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
o, ou o, ó ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
o, ou o, ó a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ou ó
oa wo ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
oa wo a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu oa wo
u, ue u, ú ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
u, ue u, ú a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ue ú
ö, oi ö, œ a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ö, oi ö, œ au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
eo a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý eo
eo au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ü, üe y, ý Any vowel üe ý

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Subject Object Possessive
1S meizh/méc mei/mé mien/mín
2S due/dú dei/dé dien/dín
3SM sei/sé soan/swon saiz/sæs
3SF soi/sœ soa/swo sear/sjer
3SN daidh/dæþ daidh/dæþ daiz/dæs
1P bei/bé buez/bús buer/búr
2P jei/djé jeu/djöu jeur/djöur
3P goi/gœ gein/gén geor/gjör

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
0 noucht nóht nouchth nóhþ
1 oan won worm worm
2 thwoa þwo thwoudher þwóðer
3 droi drœ drett drett
4 heour hjöur heourdh hjöurþ
5 wiev wíf wift wift
6 sois sœs soist sœst
7 seoun sjöun seound sjöund
8 ächt äht ächth ähþ
9 nein nén neind nénd
10 thüen þýn thoidh þœþ
11 eleun elöun eleund elöund
12 thwelv þwelf thwelft þwelft
13 droidhün drœðyn droidhödh drœðöþ
14 heourdhün hjöurðyn heourdhödh hjöurðöþ
15 wiftün wiftyn wiftödh wiftöþ
16 soistün sœstyn soistödh sœstöþ
17 seoundün sjöundyn seoundödh sjöundöþ
18 ächtün ähtyn ächtödh ähtöþ
19 neindün néndyn neindödh néndöþ
20 thwendei þwendé thwendeidh þwendéþ

Verbs

The citation form of verbs is generally infinitive, present, past.

Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.

Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.

Tenses are marked by the verb form:

  • Present: Uses present form.
  • Past: Uses past form.
  • Future: Uses future form = infinitive with -n replaced by -d.

Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:

  • Imperfective: No marker
  • Perfective: pœ/poi
  • Habitual: bjed/bead

Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:

  • Active: No marker
  • Middle: tón/toun
  • Passive: máþ/maudh

Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.

Syntax

Example texts