Doidhesh: Difference between revisions

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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Doidhesh
|-  
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| day || dag
| day || tai/tæ
|-
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| dawn || sunnerrun
| dawn ||  
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| morning || mårgjen
| morning || moren
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| noon || middag
| noon || mittai/mittæ
|-
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| afternoon || seiþ
| afternoon ||  
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| evening || andenaht
| evening || eaven/jeven
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| dusk || sunnesankv
| dusk ||  
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| night || naht
| night || necht/neht
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| midnight || miþnaht
| midnight || mitnecht/mitneht
|}
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Meléanþes''
|+ Units of time - '' ''
! English !! Gothedish
! English !! Doidhesh
|-  
|-  
| second || þänige; sekunde
| second ||  
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| minute || dakhike; minute
| minute ||  
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| hour || hveile
| hour || thiem/þím
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| day || dag
| day || tai/tæ
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| week || wike
| week || beizh/béc
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| month || ménþ
| month || mounth/mónþ
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| season || jermel
| season || seal/sjel
|-
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| year || jer
| year || jear/djer
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|+ Time adverbs - ''Biwårdes mellikes''
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Revision as of 09:12, 21 April 2023

Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Doidhesh
Doidhesh sweazh
Dœðesc swjec
Pronunciation[ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".

Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".

Phonology

Orthography

Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:

  1. Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
  2. Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.

This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.

Consonants

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
m m m
p p; pp¹ p; pp¹
b b b
f f; v² f; ff¹
v v v
n n n
t t; tt¹ t; tt¹
d d d
θ th; dh² þ; þþ¹
ð dh ð
s s; z² s; ss¹
z z z
r r r
l l l
tch; t³ tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
j; d³ dj; d_j⁴
ʃ sh; zh²; s³ c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
ʒ zh; z³ zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
ɲ ny; n³ nj; n_j⁴
c kj; k_j⁴
ɟ gj; g_j⁴
ç hj; h_j⁴
j y; ∅³ j
ʎ lj; l_j⁴
ŋ n⁸ n⁸
k k k
ɡ g g
x h⁹; ch; gh² h; hh¹
w w; ∅¹⁰ w

Notes:

¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.

² Word-finally when it lenites.

³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.

⁴ When separated with -w-.

⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.

⁶ Before tj.

⁷ When lenited from -c.

⁸ Before velar consonants.

⁹ Word-initially.

¹⁰ Before oa.

Vowels

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
ɑ a a
æ ä ä
au á
ai æ
ɛ e e
ei é
jɛ; ɛ¹ ea je
ɪ i i
i ie í
ɔ o o
ou ó
wɔ; ɔ² oa wo
ʊ u u
u ue ú
œ ö ö
øɪ oi œ
jœ; œ¹ eo
ʏ ü y
y üe ý
œʊ eu öu
jœʊ; œʊ¹ eou jöu

Notes:

¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.

² After /w/.

Morphophonology

Lenition

When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.

Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.

The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.

Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
Phoneme Unlenited form Lenited form Non-leniting equivalent
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
p p p v v v pp pp
f v f f ff
t t t ð dh ð tt tt
θ dh þ th þþ
s z s z z z s ss
ʃ zh c ʒ zh cz sh cc, sc
k k k ∅¹ ∅¹ ∅¹ ck kk
x gh h ch hh

Notes:

¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).

Vowel simplifications

When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.

First vowel Second vowel Result Remarks
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý ai æ
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu au á
e, ei e, é a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ei é
e, ei e, é au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
e, ei e, é ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ea je a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ea je
ea je au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ea je ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
i, ie i, í a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ie í
i, ie i, í au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
o, ou o, ó ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
o, ou o, ó a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ou ó
oa wo ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
oa wo a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu oa wo
u, ue u, ú ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
u, ue u, ú a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ue ú
ö, oi ö, œ a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ö, oi ö, œ au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
eo a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý eo
eo au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ü, üe y, ý Any vowel üe ý

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Subject Object Possessive
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
1S meizh méc mei mien mín
2S due dei dien dín
3SM sei soan swon saiz sæs
3SF soi soa swo sear sjer
3SN daidh dæþ daidh dæþ daiz dæs
1P bei buez bús buer búr
2P jei djé jeu djöu jeur djöur
3P goi gein gén geor gjör

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
0 noucht nóht nouchth nóhþ
1 oan won worm worm
2 thwoa þwo thwoudher þwóðer
3 droi drœ drett drett
4 heour hjöur heourdh hjöurþ
5 wiev wíf wift wift
6 sois sœs soist sœst
7 seoun sjöun seound sjöund
8 ächt äht ächth ähþ
9 nein nén neind nénd
10 thüen þýn thoidh þœþ
11 eleun elöun eleund elöund
12 thwelv þwelf thwelft þwelft
13 droidhün drœðyn droidhödh drœðöþ
14 heourdhün hjöurðyn heourdhödh hjöurðöþ
15 wiftün wiftyn wiftödh wiftöþ
16 soistün sœstyn soistödh sœstöþ
17 seoundün sjöundyn seoundödh sjöundöþ
18 ächtün ähtyn ächtödh ähtöþ
19 neindün néndyn neindödh néndöþ
20 thwendei þwendé thwendeidh þwendéþ

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized with the ending -as. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).

Adjectives

Adjectives do not decline.

Verbs

The citation form of verbs is generally infinitive, present, past.

Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.

Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.

Tenses are marked by the verb form:

  • Present: Uses present form.
  • Past: Uses past form.
  • Future: Uses future form.
    • This is formed by replacing the final -n of the infinitive with -d.

Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:

  • Imperfective: No marker
  • Perfective: poi/pœ
  • Habitual: bed

Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:

  • Active: No marker
  • Middle: toun/tón
  • Passive: maudh/máþ

Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.

In summary, a verb is formed as follows: subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Thiet/Þít

Seasons - Sealas/Sjelas
English Doidhesh
spring lengthen/lengþen
summer soumer/sómer
fall gärst
winter bender
Gregorian months - Sonleizh mounthas/Sonléc mónþas
English Doidhesh
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Days of the week -
English Doidhesh
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Parts of the day -
English Doidhesh
day tai/tæ
dawn
morning moren
noon mittai/mittæ
afternoon
evening eaven/jeven
dusk
night necht/neht
midnight mitnecht/mitneht
Units of time -
English Doidhesh
second
minute
hour thiem/þím
day tai/tæ
week beizh/béc
month mounth/mónþ
season seal/sjel
year jear/djer

Colours - Teas/Tjes

Colours - Teas/Tjes
English Gothedish
white gweidh/gwéþ
grey kreai/krjei
black plaigh/plæh
red reat/rjet
orange
brown pruen/prún
yellow jeol/djöl
green krein/krén
blue ploi/plœ
pink rouzen/rózen
purple pauz/pás
golden költen

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Eagelstaiv: Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.

Tjenstæf: Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.

IPA: /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/

Gloss: all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.