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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Stem and TAM formation
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There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | ||
* the '''future''' formant is ''-iṣy-'' (or ''-ṣy-'' after vowels), added to the past stem (more precisely, to the zero grade root<ref>While there is no difference for most verbs, this is meaningful in the case of verbs with suppletive stems: for example, ''meś-'' has the suppletive past stem ''āsmy-'', but the future stem is ''miśiṣy-''.</ref>); | * the '''future''' formant is ''-iṣy-'' (or ''-ṣy-'' after vowels), added to the past stem (more precisely, to the zero grade root<ref>While there is no difference for most verbs, this is meaningful in the case of verbs with suppletive stems: for example, ''meś-'' has the suppletive past stem ''āsmy-'', but the future stem is ''miśiṣy-''.</ref>); | ||
* the formant of the so-called '''future intentional''' is ''-āḍ-'', added to the perfect stem. | * the formant of the so-called '''future intentional''' is ''-āḍ-'', added to the perfect stem; | ||
* the '''situational''' is formed with the marker '''-āp-'', added to either the zero grade root or the perfect stem. | |||
The situational is a non-finite verb form which can express a contemporaneous (e.g. "while ...-ing") or anterior action (e.g. "after having ...-ed"), both as a circumstance or as a reason (e.g. "given that..."). Together with the irrealis marker, it forms concessive clauses. | |||
The various tenses (more appropriately tense-aspect combinations) and moods are formed by the combination of the above stems and different terminations (which are listed in the dedicated section below): | The various tenses (more appropriately tense-aspect combinations) and moods are formed by the combination of the above stems and different terminations (which are listed in the dedicated section below): | ||
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* Future: future "stem" + perfect terminations | * Future: future "stem" + perfect terminations | ||
* Future intentional: future intentional "stem" + perfect terminations | * Future intentional: future intentional "stem" + perfect terminations | ||
* Imperfective situational: zero grade root plus ''-āp-'' formant + present terminations | |||
* Perfective situational: perfect stem with ''-āp-'' formant + perfect terminations | |||
The intensive, which is a tense-aspect-mood combination, has only two aspects: imperfective and perfective (today both found in very formal styles, but otherwise considered too bookish for general use): | The intensive, which is a tense-aspect-mood combination, has only two aspects: imperfective and perfective (today both found in very formal styles, but otherwise considered too bookish for general use): | ||
* Imperfective intensive: intensive stem + present terminations | * Imperfective intensive: intensive stem + present terminations | ||