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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small> | ! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small> | ||
| {{IPA|p}} || <small>''{{IPA|pʰ}}''</small> || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|c͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|c͡ɕʰ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʔ}} | | {{IPA|p}} || <small>''{{IPA|pʰ}}''</small><sup>1</sup> || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|c͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|c͡ɕʰ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʔ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Voiced</small> | ! <small>Voiced</small> | ||
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʑʱ}} || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|ɡ~ɣ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}} || colspan=2 | | | {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}}<sup>2</sup> || {{IPA|ɖʱ}}<sup>2</sup> || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʑʱ}} || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|ɡ~ɣ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}} || colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Fricatives | ! colspan=2 | Fricatives | ||
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| colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʋ}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|l}} || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | {{IPA|j}} || colspan=2 | || {{IPA|ʀ}} | | colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʋ}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|l}} || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | {{IPA|j}} || colspan=2 | || {{IPA|ʀ}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Table notes: | |||
The {{IPA|/pʰ/}} phoneme is mostly a invention of Dundulanyä grammarians to preserve symmetry in stops; it has a separate letter in the script, but as a phoneme it is only found in the name of the letter itself and in a few words of onomatopoeic origin; the vast majority of contemporary speakers merge it with {{IPA|/ɸ~f/}}. | # The {{IPA|/pʰ/}} phoneme is mostly a invention of Dundulanyä grammarians to preserve symmetry in stops; it has a separate letter in the script, but as a phoneme it is only found in the name of the letter itself and in a few words of onomatopoeic origin; the vast majority of contemporary speakers merge it with {{IPA|/ɸ~f/}}. | ||
# In the contemporary spoken language, {{IPA|/ɖ/}} and {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} are generally represented by the stop realizations, but except when adjacent to another consonant they are most commonly realized as any of {{IPA|[ɽ(ʱ) ɭ(ʱ) ɻ(ʱ)]}} depending on the geographical origin of the speaker, realizations which are influenced by the historical development of Classical Dundulanyä {{IPA|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} in the modern vernaculars. | |||
With the partial exception of {{IPA|/ħ/}} and {{IPA|/ʀ/}}, words may only end in soft consonants and/or clusters of an approximant followed by a single soft stop or fricative. | With the partial exception of {{IPA|/ħ/}} and {{IPA|/ʀ/}}, words may only end in soft consonants and/or clusters of an approximant followed by a single soft stop or fricative. | ||