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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs (darūmmai)
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|+ Dundulanyä verb structure | |+ Dundulanyä verb structure | ||
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| rowspan=2 | Positional prefix || rowspan=2 | ''-sa-''<br/>inverse deixis prefix || Incorporated verbal root || rowspan=2 | '''Stem''' || rowspan=2 | Ablative motion marker || rowspan=2 | '''Evidential marker''' || rowspan=2 | '''Trigger/voice''' || rowspan=2 | '''Personal agreement''' || rowspan=2 | Dative agreement || rowspan=2 | Verb-final conjunctions | | rowspan=2 | Positional prefix || rowspan=2 | ''-sa-''<br/>inverse deixis prefix || Incorporated verbal root || rowspan=2 | '''Stem''' || rowspan=2 | Tense markers || rowspan=2 | Ablative motion marker || rowspan=2 | '''Evidential marker''' || rowspan=2 | '''Trigger/voice''' || rowspan=2 | '''Personal agreement''' || rowspan=2 | Dative agreement || rowspan=2 | Verb-final conjunctions | ||
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|| Incorporated nominal root | || Incorporated nominal root | ||
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Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/> | Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/> | ||
Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them". | Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them". | ||
====Stem and TAM formation==== | |||
The four basic stems are formed as follows: | |||
* The '''present''' stem is the root with the middle grade vowel; | |||
* The '''past''' stem is the root with the zero grade vowel; | |||
** For non-ablauting roots, the present and past stems are therefore identical. | |||
* The '''perfect''' stem is the root with the zero grade vowel and an augment which is identical to the vowel of the root itself (shortened, if it is long) if the vowel is any of '''a, e, i, u'''; otherwise: | |||
** if the stem vowel is '''o, ä, ṛ''' or '''ṝ''', the augment is '''a'''; | |||
** if the stem vowel is a diphthong, only the first element is taken as the augment. | |||
* The '''frequentative''' stem is the root with the zero grade vowel plus the ''middle'' grade vowel as the augment, and adding ''-sā'' (with the appropriate saṃdhi changes). Again, there are some exceptions to the general augment rule: | |||
** if the stem vowel is '''ṛ''' or '''ṝ''', the augment is '''ā'''; | |||
** otherwise, the same rules as the perfect augment apply. | |||
As an example, the stems of ''meś-'' (II) "to see" are: present ''meś-'', past ''miś-'', perfect ''imiś-'', frequentative ''emikṣā-'' (← e-miś-sā-). The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''mäly-'' (0) "to give" has present/past ''mäly-'', perfect ''amäly-'', frequentative ''amälisā-''. | |||
There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | |||
* the '''future''' formant is ''-iṣy-'' (or ''-ṣy-'' after vowels), added to the past stem (i.e. to the zero grade root); | |||
* ... | |||
The various tenses (more appropriately tense-aspect combinations) are formed by the combination of the above stems and different terminations (which are listed in the dedicated section below): | |||
* Present: present stem + present terminations | |||
* Past: past stem + past terminations | |||
* Perfect: perfect stem + perfect terminations | |||
* Frequentative: frequentative stem + frequentative terminations | |||
* Future: future "stem" + perfect terminations | |||
* ... | |||
====Trigger (voice) markers==== | ====Trigger (voice) markers==== | ||