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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them".<br/>Similarly, the prefixes ''sya-'' (exhaustive), ''tra-'' (iterative) and ''cū-'' (excessive) fill the slot of the incorporated root. ''sya-'' is uncommon in the modern language, as it is often used as a synonym of ''yau-''; the original difference being that it does not apply to transitive verbs only, and it does not imply a repeated or prolonged action. Cf. forms such as ''syanīyēne'' "I said it all", ''tranīyēne'' "I said it again", ''cūnīyēne'' "I said too much". | The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them".<br/>Similarly, the prefixes ''sya-'' (exhaustive), ''tra-'' (iterative) and ''cū-'' (excessive) fill the slot of the incorporated root. ''sya-'' is uncommon in the modern language, as it is often used as a synonym of ''yau-''; the original difference being that it does not apply to transitive verbs only, and it does not imply a repeated or prolonged action. Cf. forms such as ''syanīyēne'' "I said it all", ''tranīyēne'' "I said it again", ''cūnīyēne'' "I said too much". | ||
====Inverse deixis and ablative motion==== | |||
While apparently similar, the inverse deixis marker or cislocative (the ''-s(a)-'' prefix) and the ablative motion marker (the ''-y(a)-'' suffix) are distinct and, in fact, not mutually exclusive. While the ablative motion marker cannot be used without the positional prefix, the cislocative can. | |||
The cislocative prefix marks an action towards the deictic center (generally the speaker), marked as divergent from the default state which is action from the deictic center: see e.g. ''lonei'' (lon-ei) "you go (walk)" vs. cislocative ''salonei'' (sa-lon-ei) "you come (on foot)" for an example without a positional prefix; however it can also be used together with such prefix as in e.g. ''gālonei'' (gā-lon-ei) "you walk in" vs. ''gāslonei'' (gā-s(a)-lon-ei) "you come in (on foot)". | |||
The ablative motion marker (which forces zero-grade ablaut on the stem), on the other hand, inverts the direction marked by the positional/directional prefix, which is allative by default (i.e. ''to'' a place), making it ablative (i.e. ''from'' a place): ''gāmeśūh'' (gā-meś-ū-h) "I look inside" vs. ''gāmiśyūh'' (gā-miś-y-ū-h) "I look from the inside". The ablative marker is, due to how positional and motion verbs work in Dundulanyä, most commonly used and useful with transitive verbs, e.g. ''kuṇḍombhūsa'' (kuḍ-dombh-ū-sa) "you two bring outside" vs. ''kuṇḍumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring from outside". | |||
The cislocative and the ablative marker can, in fact, be used together, in forms such as ''kujadumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-sa-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring [us] from outside", ''gāslunyei'' "you come (on foot) from the inside". See also the following sentences, using the ablative motion marker, and the distinctions implied by the presence or absence of the cislocative prefix: | |||
* ''bunūgoba kujamiśyū'' "The thief is looking [at me/us] from the outside"; | |||
* ''bunūgoba jṛṣṇat kujamiśyū'' "The thief is looking at my backpack [which is near me/in the same room as me] from the outside"; | |||
* ''bunūgoba jṛṣṇat kuḍmiśyū'' "The thief is looking at my backpack from the outside [and I am not in the same room as my backpack". | |||
====Stem and TAM formation==== | ====Stem and TAM formation==== | ||