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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs (darūmmai)
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The cislocative prefix marks an action towards the deictic center (generally the speaker), marked as divergent from the default state which is action from the deictic center: see e.g. ''lonei'' (lon-ei) "you go (walk)" vs. cislocative ''salonei'' (sa-lon-ei) "you come (on foot)" for an example without a positional prefix; however it can also be used together with such prefix as in e.g. ''gālonei'' (gā-lon-ei) "you walk in" vs. ''gāslonei'' (gā-s(a)-lon-ei) "you come in (on foot)". | The cislocative prefix marks an action towards the deictic center (generally the speaker), marked as divergent from the default state which is action from the deictic center: see e.g. ''lonei'' (lon-ei) "you go (walk)" vs. cislocative ''salonei'' (sa-lon-ei) "you come (on foot)" for an example without a positional prefix; however it can also be used together with such prefix as in e.g. ''gālonei'' (gā-lon-ei) "you walk in" vs. ''gāslonei'' (gā-s(a)-lon-ei) "you come in (on foot)". | ||
The ablative motion marker (which forces zero-grade ablaut on the stem), on the other hand, inverts the direction marked by the positional/directional prefix, which is allative by default (i.e. ''to'' a place), making it ablative (i.e. ''from'' a place): ''gāmeśūh'' (gā-meś-ū-h) "I look inside" vs. ''gāmiśyūh'' (gā-miś-y-ū-h) "I look from the inside". The ablative marker is, due to how positional and motion verbs work in Dundulanyä, most commonly used and useful with transitive verbs, e.g. ''kuṇḍombhūsa'' (kuḍ-dombh-ū-sa) "you two bring outside" vs. ''kuṇḍumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring from outside". | The ablative motion marker (which forces zero-grade ablaut on the present stem), on the other hand, inverts the direction marked by the positional/directional prefix, which is allative by default (i.e. ''to'' a place), making it ablative (i.e. ''from'' a place): ''gāmeśūh'' (gā-meś-ū-h) "I look inside" vs. ''gāmiśyūh'' (gā-miś-y-ū-h) "I look from the inside". The ablative marker is, due to how positional and motion verbs work in Dundulanyä, most commonly used and useful with transitive verbs, e.g. ''kuṇḍombhūsa'' (kuḍ-dombh-ū-sa) "you two bring outside" vs. ''kuṇḍumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring from outside". | ||
The cislocative and the ablative marker can, in fact, be used together, in forms such as ''kujadumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-sa-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring [us] from outside", ''gāslunyei'' "you come (on foot) from the inside". See also the following sentences, using the ablative motion marker, and the distinctions implied by the presence or absence of the cislocative prefix: | The cislocative and the ablative marker can, in fact, be used together, in forms such as ''kujadumbhyūsa'' (kuḍ-sa-dumbh-y-ū-sa) "you two bring [us] from outside", ''gāslunyei'' "you come (on foot) from the inside". See also the following sentences, using the ablative motion marker, and the distinctions implied by the presence or absence of the cislocative prefix: | ||
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** if the stem vowel is '''ṛ''' or '''ṝ''', the augment is '''ā'''; | ** if the stem vowel is '''ṛ''' or '''ṝ''', the augment is '''ā'''; | ||
** otherwise, the same rules as the perfect augment apply. | ** otherwise, the same rules as the perfect augment apply. | ||
Some affixes may force the stem vowel to be in a certain ablaut grade, such as the ablative motion marker shown in the previous section, which forces a present stem to have a zero grade vowel regardless. | |||
As an example, the stems of ''meś-'' (II) "to see" are: present ''meś-'', past ''miś-'', perfect ''imiś-'', frequentative ''emikṣā-'' (← e-miś-sā-). The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''mäly-'' (0) "to give" has present/past ''mäly-'', perfect ''amäly-'', frequentative ''amälisā-''. | As an example, the stems of ''meś-'' (II) "to see" are: present ''meś-'', past ''miś-'', perfect ''imiś-'', frequentative ''emikṣā-'' (← e-miś-sā-). The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''mäly-'' (0) "to give" has present/past ''mäly-'', perfect ''amäly-'', frequentative ''amälisā-''. | ||