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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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====Personal pronouns==== | ====Personal pronouns==== | ||
====Correlatives==== | ====Correlatives==== | ||
===Correlatives=== | |||
Dundulanyä has a fairly regular system of correlatives, distinguishing ten types (proximal, medial, distal, interrogative, negative, assertive existential, elective existential, universal, positive alternative, and negative alternative) in twelve categories (attributive, thing, person, [person or thing] owner of, time, place, destination, origin, way, reason, quality, quantity). | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" | |||
|- | |||
! Category ↓ / Type → !! Proximal !! Medial !! Distal !! Interrogative !! Negative !! Ass. exist. !! Elect. exist. !! Universal !! Positive altern. !! Negative altern. | |||
|- | |||
! Attributive | |||
| ''hine''<br/>this || ''hunu''<br/>that (near you) || ''āna''<br/>that (over there) || ''bena?''<br/>which? || ''idu''<br/>no || ''sora''<br/>some || ''grāṇa''<br/>any || rowspan=2 | ''yaiva''<br/>every(thing) || ''viṣam''<br/>another, other || ''idūṣam''<br/>no other | |||
|- | |||
! Thing | |||
| ''hiyome''<br/>this one || ''huyome''<br/>that one (near you) || ''āyome''<br/>that one (over there) || ''beyome?''<br/>what?; which one? || ''idume''<br/>nothing || ''sorame''<br/>something || ''grāṇame''<br/>anything || ''viṣāme''<br/>something else || ''idūṣāme''<br/>nothing else | |||
|- | |||
! Person | |||
| ''hikana''<br/>this one || ''hukana''<br/>that one (near you) || ''ākana''<br/>that one (over there) || ''bekana?''<br/>who? || ''idona''<br/>no one || ''sorakna''<br/>someone || ''grākṇa''<br/>anyone || ''yāyukana''<br/>everyone || ''viṣkaṇa''<br/>someone else || ''idūṣkaṇa''<br/>no one else | |||
|- | |||
! Owner of<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''hirūm''<br/>this one's || ''hurūm''<br/>that one's (near you) || ''ārūm''<br/>that one's (over there) || ''berūm?''<br/>whose? || ''idurūm''<br/>no one's || ''sohrūm''<br/>someone's || ''grāṃrūm''<br/>anyone's || ''yāyurūm''<br/>everyone's || ''viṣrūm''<br/>someone else's || ''idūṣrūm''<br/>no one else's | |||
|- | |||
! Time | |||
| ''hivet''<br/>now || ''huvet''<br/>then || ''āvet''<br/>then (remote) || ''bevet?''<br/>when? || ''iduvet''<br/>never || ''sorvet''<br/>sometime, somewhen || ''grāmvet''<br/>anytime, whenever || ''yāyuvet''<br/>always, everytime || ''viṣvet''<br/>sometime else || ''idūṣvet''<br/>never else | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
| ''hiyo''<br/>here || ''huyo''<br/>there || ''āyo''<br/>over there || ''beyo?''<br/>where? || ''iduyo''<br/>nowhere || ''sorayo''<br/>somewhere || ''grāṇyo''<br/>anywhere || ''yaivyo''<br/>everywhere || ''viṣayo''<br/>elsewhere || ''idūṣayo''<br/>nowhere else | |||
|- | |||
! Destination | |||
| ''hiyāk''<br/>hither || ''huyāk''<br/>thither || ''āyāk''<br/> thither (remote) || ''beyāk?''<br/>whither? || ''idvāk''<br/>nowhither || ''sorayāk''<br/>somewhither || ''grāṇyāk''<br/>anywhither || ''yaivyāk''<br/>everywhither || ''viṣayāk''<br/>elsewhither || ''idūṣayāk''<br/>nowhither else | |||
|- | |||
! Source | |||
| ''hiyau''<br/>hence || ''huyau''<br/>thence || ''āyau''<br/> thence (remote) || ''beyau?''<br/>whence? || ''idvau''<br/>nowhence || ''sorayau''<br/>somewhence || ''grāṇyau''<br/>anywhence || ''yaivyau''<br/>everywhence || ''viṣayau''<br/>elsewhence || ''idūṣayau''<br/>nowhence else | |||
|- | |||
! Manner | |||
| ''hilīce''<br/>thus, hereby || ''hulīce''<br/>thereby || ''ālīce''<br/>thereby; that other way || ''belīce?''<br/>how? || ''idulīce''<br/>no way || ''soralīce''<br/>somehow || ''grāṃlīce''<br/>anyhow || ''yāyulīce''<br/>everyway || ''viṣlīce''<br/>otherwise || ''idūṣlīce''<br/>no other way | |||
|- | |||
! Reason | |||
| ''himena''<br/>herefore || ''humena''<br/>therefore || ''āmena''<br/>therefore; for that other reason || ''bemena?''<br/>why? || ''idumena''<br/>for no reason || ''soramena''<br/>somewhy || ''grāmena''<br/>whyever, for any reason || ''yāyumena''<br/>for every reason || ''viṣmena''<br/>for another reason || ''idūṣmena''<br/>for no other reason | |||
|- | |||
! Quality | |||
| ''hismā''<br/>this kind || ''husmā''<br/>that kind || ''āsmā''<br/>that other kind || ''besmā?''<br/>which kind? || ''idusmā''<br/>no kind || ''sorasmā''<br/>some kind || ''grāṃsmā''<br/>any kind || ''yāyusmā''<br/>every kind || ''viṣasmā''<br/>another kind || ''idūṣasmā''<br/>no other kind | |||
|- | |||
! Quantity | |||
| ''hiqna''<br/>this much || ''huqna''<br/>that much || ''āqna''<br/>that much (remote) || ''beqna?''<br/>how much? || ''iduqna''<br/>none || ''soraqna''<br/>some of it || ''grāqna''<br/>any much || ''yāyuqna''<br/>all of it || ''viṣaqna''<br/>another quantity || ''idūṣaqna''<br/>no other quantity | |||
|} | |||
# The "owner of" correlatives are bound forms that mark possession, e.g. ''hirūm naviṣyaɂe'' "this [person]'s book", ''idurūm naviṣyaɂe'' "no one's book", ''berūm naviṣyaɂe?'' "whose book is this?" (lit. "who is the owner of [the] book?"). As such, they are always used together with a third-person (generally singular) possessive suffix. | |||
<small>THING</small>, <small>PERSON</small>, <small>QUALITY</small> and <small>QUANTITY</small> correlatives decline for case; the proximal, medial and distal members of the <small>THING</small> (''hiyome, huyome, āyome'') and <small>PERSON</small> series (''hikana, hukana, ākana'') also decline for number.<br/> | |||
The <small>QUALITY</small> and <small>QUANTITY</small> correlatives are generally only declined when used together with the bound form of another noun (e.g. ''m̃uk huqna'' "that much milk", ''nṛta idūṣasmā'' "no other kind of dream"). | |||
Note that Dundulanyä does not have wh-fronting: ''hine täte ninyukuvību lilīsa'' "in this house lives my maternal aunt" → ''hine täte bekanī lilīsa?'' "who lives in this house?" | |||
===Verbs (''darūmmai'')=== | ===Verbs (''darūmmai'')=== | ||