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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns (''rāñjiḫi'')=== | ===Nouns (''rāñjiḫi'')=== | ||
( | The Dundulanyä noun (''rañjiḫe'', pl. ''rāñjiḫi'') is highly inflected - it declines for: | ||
* Three numbers (''smuḍai''): | |||
:: '''Singular''' (''emibundīra smuḍa'') | |||
:: '''Dual''' (''rirändīra smuḍa'') | |||
:: '''Plural''' (''tailindīra smuḍa'') | |||
* Nine cases (''dirūṃrūkṣāri''): | |||
:: '''Direct''' (''... dirūṃrūkṣah'') | |||
:: '''Vocative''' (''ṛjadīra dirūṃrūkṣah'') | |||
:: '''Ergative''' | |||
:: '''Accusative''' | |||
:: '''Dative''' | |||
:: '''Ablative''' | |||
:: '''Locative''' | |||
:: '''Essive''' | |||
:: '''Instrumental''' | |||
There are a few nouns which lack number; a few are singularia tantum and lack a plural (e.g. ''härīya'' "lips"), other ones are plural only - most notably including all ethnicities, whose singular form is analytical, made by using the bound form (see below) to the word ''lila'' (person), e.g. ''dundulanyä lila'' (a Dundulanyä). | |||
The consensus among linguists is that Dundulanyä does not have grammatical gender or noun classes; however, it should be noted that natural gender is shown on some nouns referring to humans, and furthermore there are some verbs that have a complementary distribution - most notably the existential "to be" - where one verb can only be used for inanimate subjects and another only for animate ones; in a few cases, the animate "class" is also split between humans and non-humans. None of this, however, is reflected in morphology. | The consensus among linguists is that Dundulanyä does not have grammatical gender or noun classes; however, it should be noted that natural gender is shown on some nouns referring to humans, and furthermore there are some verbs that have a complementary distribution - most notably the existential "to be" - where one verb can only be used for inanimate subjects and another only for animate ones; in a few cases, the animate "class" is also split between humans and non-humans. None of this, however, is reflected in morphology. | ||
Dundulanyä | Dundulanyä nouns are complex, due to the existence of multiple declension patterns. They are primarily categorized by whether they refer to nouns that undergo ablaut or not; secondarily, they are categorized by their stem type.<br/> | ||
'''Ablauting''' declensions are all unproductive (although some of the derivational suffixes that form ablauting nouns are still productive) and include the following ones: | '''Ablauting''' declensions are all unproductive (although some of the derivational suffixes that form ablauting nouns are still productive) and include the following ones: | ||
* Root nouns | * Root nouns | ||
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* ''-a'' declension | * ''-a'' declension | ||
* Zero-ending nouns with vowel suffixes (''-u'', ''-i'', ''-ṛ''). | * Zero-ending nouns with vowel suffixes (''-u'', ''-i'', ''-ṛ''). | ||
Except for root nouns, ablauting nouns are formed by a root and a suffix, and ablaut alternates between them. Many such suffixes are derivational and productive, but some are no longer productive and limited to a small number of terms (such as ''-in-'' forming certain male kinship terms). In a few cases, the suffix may actually be an infix, such as the (non-productive) one in the word ''lorbhe'' "stele", ultimately from the root ''lobh-'' "to write" (cf. direct singular ''lorbhe'' but locative singular ''lūrabhob'', dative plural ''lūrābhumi'').<br/> | |||
Except for root nouns, ablauting nouns are formed by a root and a suffix, and ablaut alternates between them. Many such suffixes are derivational and productive, but some are no longer productive and limited to a small number of terms (such as ''-in-'' forming certain male kinship terms). In a few cases, the suffix may actually be an infix, such as the (non-productive) one in the word ''lorbhe'' "stele", ultimately from the root ''lobh-'' "to write" (cf. direct singular ''lorbhe'' but locative singular ''lūrabhob'', dative plural ''lūrābhumi''). | |||
'''Non-ablauting''' declensions are the following ones: | '''Non-ablauting''' declensions are the following ones: | ||
* ''-e'' declension (first consonant stem declension) | * ''-e'' declension (first consonant stem declension) | ||