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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs (darūmmai)
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The verb (''darūmma'', pl. ''darūmmai'') is the most inflected part of speech in Dundulanyä. Forms are quite complex and generally formed in an agglutinative manner - even if there are fusional elements for what concerns tense, aspect, and subject agreement. | The verb (''darūmma'', pl. ''darūmmai'') is the most inflected part of speech in Dundulanyä. Forms are quite complex and generally formed in an agglutinative manner - even if there are fusional elements for what concerns tense, aspect, and subject agreement. | ||
The language has an [[w:Symmetrical voice|Austronesian-type]] morphosyntactic alignment, and the argument the verb agrees with is controlled by a particular morpheme inside the verb complex. Due to the complex structure, a single verb form can often correspond to a more complex English sentence, as e.g. '' | The language has an [[w:Symmetrical voice|Austronesian-type]] morphosyntactic alignment, and the argument the verb agrees with is controlled by a particular morpheme inside the verb complex. Due to the complex structure, a single verb form can often correspond to a more complex English sentence, as e.g. ''kujadumbhyaimyūsīd'' (I've been told that the two of you are bringing [it] again (on foot) from outside at my/our place for him/her), a form of the root ''dombh-'' (to bring on foot, with the hands), morphemically ''kuḍ-sa-dumbh-ya-emi-ū-sa-ī=d''. | ||
The morpheme order of Dundulanyä verbs is the following; elements in '''bold''' are required, even if some of them may be zero morphemes: | The morpheme order of Dundulanyä verbs is the following; elements in '''bold''' are required, even if some of them may be zero morphemes: | ||
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Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahräś-'' "to debark" (''räś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape"). | Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahräś-'' "to debark" (''räś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape"). | ||
The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as '' | The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsūn'' "I waited for all of them".<br/>Similarly, the prefixes ''sya-'' (exhaustive), ''tra-'' (iterative) and ''cū-'' (excessive) fill the slot of the incorporated root. ''sya-'' is uncommon in the modern language, as it is often used as a synonym of ''yau-''; the original difference being that it does not apply to transitive verbs only, and it does not imply a repeated or prolonged action. Cf. forms such as ''syanīyūn'' "I said it all", ''tranīyūn'' "I said it again", ''cūnīyūn'' "I said too much". | ||
====Inverse deixis and ablative motion==== | ====Inverse deixis and ablative motion==== | ||
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There are six possible trigger (voice) markers: | There are six possible trigger (voice) markers: | ||
* '''-∅-''' patient trigger; | * '''-∅-''' patient trigger; | ||
* '''-ū-''' | * '''-ū-''' agent trigger; | ||
* '''-ik-''' reflexive trigger; | * '''-ik-''' reflexive trigger; | ||
** '''-ik-ū-''' (or '''-ik-e-'''), combination of agent and reflexive triggers, for the reciprocal voice; | ** '''-ik-ū-''' (or '''-ik-e-'''), combination of agent and reflexive triggers, for the reciprocal voice; | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Past | ! Past | ||
| - | | -n || -īt || -(n)ī || -rap || -ro || -ra || -nān || -thā || -lī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Past | ! Past | ||
| | | śrūn || śrūvīt || śrūnī || śrūrap || śrūro || śrūra || śrūnān || śrūthā || śrūlī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Future | ! Future | ||
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: ''lalāruṇai fanēyai kuka '''ga''' irāḍai.'' "Lalāruṇai<ref>Giant domestic lizards endemic to central Lusaṃrīte: in Dundulanyä culture and history they have a role similar to horses.</ref> and capybaras are animals." | : ''lalāruṇai fanēyai kuka '''ga''' irāḍai.'' "Lalāruṇai<ref>Giant domestic lizards endemic to central Lusaṃrīte: in Dundulanyä culture and history they have a role similar to horses.</ref> and capybaras are animals." | ||
In any role outside of the direct knowledge indicative present, the copula is replaced by the (regular) verb ''jall-'': | In any role outside of the direct knowledge indicative present, the copula is replaced by the (regular) verb ''jall-'': | ||
: ''kālomīye dariśah ''' | : ''kālomīye dariśah '''jallī'''.'' "Kālomīye was a dancer." | ||
: ''kālomīye dariśah ''' | : ''kālomīye dariśah '''jalliṣya'''.'' "Kālomīye will be a dancer." | ||
However, whenever temporal adverbs that imply a non-present tense are found, '''ga''' is used instead: | However, whenever temporal adverbs that imply a non-present tense are found, '''ga''' is used instead: | ||
: ''prānilau kālomīye '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a dancer." | : ''prānilau kālomīye '''ga''' dariśah.'' "Tomorrow, Kālomīye will be a dancer." | ||