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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/> | Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/> | ||
Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them". | Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them". | ||
====Trigger (voice) markers==== | |||
There are seven possible trigger (voice) markers: | |||
* '''-∅-''' patient trigger; | |||
* '''-ū-''' ('''-ē-''' in the past tense only) agent trigger; | |||
* '''-ik-''' reflexive trigger; | |||
** '''-ik-ū-''' (or '''-ik-ē-'''), combination of agent and reflexive triggers, for the reciprocal voice; | |||
* '''-on-''' causative trigger; | |||
* '''-mi-''' circumstantial (benefactive or instrumental) trigger; | |||
* '''-īs-''' locative trigger; | |||
* '''-bai-''' reason trigger. | |||
====Evidential markers==== | |||
There are six evidential markers: | |||
* '''-∅-''' direct knowledge; | |||
* '''-ɂä-''' "first" inferential (trusted); | |||
* '''-eb(i)-''' "second" inferential (doubtful); | |||
* '''-ukiɂ(a)-''' assumptive; | |||
* '''-emi-''' "first" reportative/hearsay (trusted); | |||
* '''-enab(u)-''' "second" reportative/hearsay (doubtful). | |||
====Personal agreement==== | ====Personal agreement==== | ||