6,892
edits
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
(37 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | **Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | ||
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | **E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | ||
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/. | *Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/. | ||
**Differs from Catalan | **Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern. | ||
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | **E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | ||
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan '' | :::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | ||
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir''). | |||
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | *Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | ||
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | **Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | ||
Line 126: | Line 127: | ||
*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | *Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | ||
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | **Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | ||
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/. | *Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/). | ||
**Shared with Aragonese. | **Shared with Aragonese. | ||
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | *-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | ||
Line 723: | Line 724: | ||
===Phonological history=== | ===Phonological history=== | ||
*Final vowel dropping: | *Final vowel dropping: | ||
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s | **''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, t, z''. | ||
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | **''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | ||
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | **''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | ||
Line 1,299: | Line 1,300: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tenses and moods==== | ====Tenses and moods==== | ||
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | ||
Line 1,355: | Line 1,356: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Gerundive | ! Gerundive | ||
| -ando || | | -ando || -endo || -indo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles | ¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms. | ||
<!-- | |||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | |||
====='''Simple tenses (indicative)'''===== | ====='''Simple tenses (indicative)'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 1,384: | Line 1,386: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| -en || -aven || - | | -en || -aven || -ón || -arán || -areven || -eren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,408: | Line 1,410: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| -en || -even || - | | -en || -even || -ión || -erán || -ereven || -ieren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''- | |+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-ir'' verbs) | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,432: | Line 1,434: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| -en || -iven || - | | -en || -iven || -ión || -irán || -ireven || -ieren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,438: | Line 1,440: | ||
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ||
<!-- | |||
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''. | ² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.--> | ||
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ||
Line 1,500: | Line 1,502: | ||
**Perfect infinitive: ''aver'' + participle | **Perfect infinitive: ''aver'' + participle | ||
**Perfect participle: participle of ''aver'' + participle | **Perfect participle: participle of ''aver'' + participle | ||
**Perfect gerundive: '' | **Perfect gerundive: ''avendo'' + participle | ||
*Indicative: | *Indicative: | ||
**Present perfect: present of ''aver'' + participle | **Present perfect: present of ''aver'' + participle | ||
Line 1,510: | Line 1,512: | ||
**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
<!--- | |||
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | |||
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.--> | |||
====='''Passive'''===== | |||
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''ser'' with the appropriately declined form of the past participle. | |||
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter. | |||
====Irregular verbs==== | ====Irregular verbs==== | ||
====='''General notes'''===== | |||
*Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include: | *Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include: | ||
**''-o-'' > ''-ue-'' | **''-o-'' > ''-ue-'' | ||
Line 1,516: | Line 1,528: | ||
**''-ch-'' > ''-it-'' | **''-ch-'' > ''-it-'' | ||
*Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive. In the case of stem-changing verbs, stem vowel changes still apply. | *Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive. In the case of stem-changing verbs, stem vowel changes still apply. | ||
*The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' formed by contraction. This happens especially often with ''-er'' verbs. The conditional always has the same stem as the future. | *The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' (usually formed by contraction). This happens especially often with ''-er'' verbs. The conditional always has the same stem as the future. | ||
*The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions): | *The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions): | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 1,531: | Line 1,543: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1P | !1P | ||
| - | | -én | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2P | !2P | ||
| - | | -ez | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3P | !3P | ||
| - | | -on | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
:The pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive stems are always formed by removing ''- | :The pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive stems are always formed by removing ''-n'' from the 1P preterite indicative and adding the appropriate endings starting from the consonant. | ||
*Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below | *Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below: | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks | ! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks | ||
Line 1,563: | Line 1,575: | ||
| gü || gu || | | gü || gu || | ||
|} | |} | ||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | :Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | *There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | ||
====='''The verb ''ser'' "to be"'''===== | |||
The verb ''ser'' "to be" is highly irregular. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| ser | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| sit/sitos, sita/sites, sito; <br/> | |||
sut/sutos, suta/sutes, suto¹ | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| sendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
¹ Archaic | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| so || yera || fui || seré || sereva || fuera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| yes || yeres || fues || serás || sereves || fueres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ye || yera || fue || será || sereva || fuera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| son || yeren || fuen || serán || sereven || fueren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| siya || fuesse || fuere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| siyas || fuessas || fueras || sé | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| siya || fuesse || fuere || siya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| siyán || fuessan || fueran || siyán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || set | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| siyan || fuessan || fueran || siyan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''aver'' "to be"'''===== | |||
The verb ''aver'' "to have" is an important irregular verb. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| aver | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| avit/avitos, avita/avites, avito; <br /> | |||
avut/avutos, avuta/avutes, avuto¹ | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| avendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect² | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| e || eva || ovi || avré || avreva || overa | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| as || eves || oves || avrás || avreves || overes | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| a || eva || ovo || avrá || avreva || overa | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| avén || even || ovén || avrén || avreven || overen | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| avez || évez || ovez || avrez || avrévez || ovérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.² !! Future subj.² !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| aya || ovesse || overe || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| ayas || ovessas || overas || a | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| aya || ovesse || overe || aya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| ayán || ovessan || overan || ayán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz || avet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| ayan || ovessan || overan || ayan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ Participles in ''-ut-'' are considered archaic. | |||
² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular. | |||
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| andar | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| andat/andatos, andata/andates, andato | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| andando | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| vo || andava || andé || iré || ireva || andera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| vas || andaves || andés || irás || ireves || anderes | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| va || andava || andó || irá || ireva || andera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| andán || andaven || andén || irén || ireven || anderen | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| andaz || andávez || andez || irez || irévez || andérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| van || andaven || andón || irán || ireven || anderen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.³ !! Future subj.³ !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| vayas || andessas || anderas || anda | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || vaya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| vayán || andessan || anderan || vayán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz || andat | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| vayan || andessan || anderan || vayan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| facer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| facendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faco || feva || fice || faré || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ficer'' "to say" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| dicer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| dicendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dico || diva || dixe || diré || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || dica | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== |
edits