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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese.
**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese.
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'')
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'')
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/.
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/.
**Differs from Catalan and (sometimes) Galician/Portuguese.
**Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern.
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major'').
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major'').
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''vui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe'').
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe'').
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir'').
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/.
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/.
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod).
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod).
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''.
*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''.
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan.
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan.
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/.
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/).
**Shared with Aragonese.
**Shared with Aragonese.
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes.
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes.
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===Phonological history===
===Phonological history===
*Final vowel dropping:
*Final vowel dropping:
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, ss, t, z''.
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, t, z''.
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''.
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''.
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''.
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''.
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|}
|}


==Verbs==
===Verbs===
====Tenses and moods====
====Tenses and moods====
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods:
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods:
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'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles (which often are also considered archaic).
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms.
<!--
<!--
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.-->
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.-->
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¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants.
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants.
 
<!--
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.-->


====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''=====
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''=====
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**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
<!---
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''=====
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''=====
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.-->


====='''Passive'''=====
====='''Passive'''=====
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|-
|-
!3P
!3P
| -ón
| -on
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| gü || gu ||
| gü || gu ||
|}
|}
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change.
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change.
<!--
<!--
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.-->
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.-->
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¹ Archaic
¹ Archaic
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| son || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren
| son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| soz || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez
| soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Future
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| siya || fuesse || fuere
| siya || fuesse || fuere || —
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| siyas || fuessas || fueras
| siyas || fuessas || fueras || sé
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| siya || fuesse || fuere
| siya || fuesse || fuere || siya
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| siyán || fuessan || fueran
| siyán || fuessan || fueran || siyán
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || set
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| siyan || fuessan || fueran
| siyan || fuessan || fueran || siyan
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect²
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect²
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| an || even || ovón || avrán || avreven || overen
| an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect² !! Future²
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.² !! Future subj.² !! Imperative aff.
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| aya || ovesse || overe
| aya || ovesse || overe || —
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| ayas || ovessas || overas
| ayas || ovessas || overas || a
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| aya || ovesse || overe
| aya || ovesse || overe || aya
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| ayán || ovessan || overan
| ayán || ovessan || overan || ayán
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz || avet
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| ayan || ovessan || overan
| ayan || ovessan || overan || ayan
|-
|-
|}
|}
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² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular.
² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular.
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''=====
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
|-
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect³ !! Future³
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.³ !! Future subj.³ !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| vaya || andesse || andere || —
|-
! 2S
| vayas || andessas || anderas || anda
|-
! 3S
| vaya || andesse || andere || vaya
|-
! 1P
| vayán || andessan || anderan || vayán
|-
! 2P
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz || andat
|-
! 3P
| vayan || andessan || anderan || vayan
|-
|}
 
====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Infinitive
| facer
|-
! Participle
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito
|-
! Gerundive
| facendo
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| faco || feva || fice || faré || fareva || ficera
|-
! 2S
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres
|-
! 3S
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera
|-
! 1P
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren
|-
! 2P
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez
|-
! 3P
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| faca || ficesse || ficere || —
|-
! 2S
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa
|-
! 3S
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca
|-
! 1P
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán
|-
! 2P
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet
|-
! 3P
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan
|-
|}
 
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ficer'' "to say"
! Infinitive
| dicer
|-
! Participle
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito
|-
! Gerundive
| dicendo
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| dico || diva || dixe || diré || direva || dixera
|-
! 2S
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres
|-
! 3S
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera
|-
! 1P
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren
|-
! 2P
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez
|-
! 3P
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| vaya || andesse || andere
| dica || dixesse || dixere || —
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| vayas || andessas || anderas
| dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| vaya || andesse || andere
| dica || dixesse || dixere || dica
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| vayán || andessan || anderan
| dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz
| dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| vayan || andessan || anderan
| dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican
|-
|-
|}
|}
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