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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | **Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | ||
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | **E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | ||
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/. | *Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/. | ||
**Differs from Catalan | **Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern. | ||
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | **E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | ||
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan '' | :::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | ||
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir''). | |||
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | *Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | ||
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | **Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | ||
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | *Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | ||
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | **Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | ||
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/. | *Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/). | ||
**Shared with Aragonese. | **Shared with Aragonese. | ||
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | *-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | ||
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===Phonological history=== | ===Phonological history=== | ||
*Final vowel dropping: | *Final vowel dropping: | ||
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s | **''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, t, z''. | ||
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | **''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | ||
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | **''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tenses and moods==== | ====Tenses and moods==== | ||
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles | ¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ||
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¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ||
<!-- | |||
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''. | ² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.--> | ||
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ||
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**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
<!--- | |||
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | ====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | ||
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense. | In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.--> | ||
====='''Passive'''===== | ====='''Passive'''===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!3P | !3P | ||
| - | | -on | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| gü || gu || | | gü || gu || | ||
|} | |} | ||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | :Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | *There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| son || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | | son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| soz || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | | soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || | | siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || set | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect² | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect² | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| an || even || | | an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.² !! Future subj.² !! Imperative aff. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| aya || ovesse || overe | | aya || ovesse || overe || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| ayas || ovessas || overas | | ayas || ovessas || overas || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3S | ! 3S | ||
| aya || ovesse || overe | | aya || ovesse || overe || aya | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| ayán || ovessan || overan | | ayán || ovessan || overan || ayán | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz | | ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz || avet | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| ayan || ovessan || overan | | ayan || ovessan || overan || ayan | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular. | ² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular. | ||
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''===== | ====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | ||
|- | |- | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.³ !! Future subj.³ !! Imperative aff. | ||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| vayas || andessas || anderas || anda | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || vaya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| vayán || andessan || anderan || vayán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz || andat | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| vayan || andessan || anderan || vayan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| facer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| facendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faco || feva || fice || faré || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ficer'' "to say" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| dicer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| dicendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dico || diva || dixe || diré || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| | | dica || dixesse || dixere || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| | | dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3S | ! 3S | ||
| | | dica || dixesse || dixere || dica | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| | | dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| | | dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| | | dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
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