Essanian: Difference between revisions

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====Number====
====Number====
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
 
=====Regular plurals=====
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|-
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Note that some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-at'' (feminine).
=====Irregular plurals=====
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
 
In all cases, it is accepted to pluralize these words regularly.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 11:57, 31 March 2022

Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.

Essanian
La lengua xanhana
لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Mozarabic
  • Old Essanian
    • Middle Essanian

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.

The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [ä]
B b be [be̞]
C c ce [t͡ʃe̞]
Ç ç çe [θe̞]
D d de [d̪e̞]
E e e [e̞]
F f efe [ˈe̞fe̞]
G g ge [d͡ʒe̞]
Gh gh ghen [ʕe̞n]
H h haca [ˈhäkä]
Letter Name IPA
I i i [i]
J j jota [ˈd͡ʒo̞t̪ä]
K k ka [kä]
L l ele [ˈe̞le̞]
Lh lh elhe [ˈe̞ʎe̞]
M m eme [ˈe̞me̞]
N n ene [ˈe̞ne̞]
Nh nh enhe [ˈe̞ɲe̞]
O o o [o̞]
P p pe [pe̞]
Letter Name IPA
Q q cu [ku]
R r erre [ˈe̞re̞]
S s esse [ˈe̞se̞]
T t te [t̪e̞]
U u u [u]
V v ve [ve̞]
W w we [we̞]
X x exe [ˈe̞ʃe̞]
Y y ye [je̞]
Z z zeta [ˈðe̞t̪ä]
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
b word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [b]
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) [β̞]
c before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
elsewhere [k]
before voiced consonants [ɣ˕]
ch everywhere [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
ç everywhere [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
d word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [d̪]
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally Ø
elsewhere [ð̞]
f everywhere [f]
g before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [dʒ]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ʒ]
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ]
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕]
gh everywhere [ʕ] In Arabic loanwords
gu before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw]
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕w]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕w]
h everywhere [h] or [ħ] or [x] Generally occurs in loanwords.
everywhere (rare) Ø Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
j either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [dʒ]
elsewhere [ʒ]
k rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings [k]
l everywhere [l]
lh everywhere [ʎ]
m everywhere except word-finally [m]
word-final [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
n everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally [n]
before other consonants [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
word-finally [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
nh everywhere [ɲ]
p everywhere [p]
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ [β̞]
qu before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [k]
elsewhere [kw]
only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [kw]
r word-initial, morpheme-initial,

or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)

[r]
elsewhere [ɾ]
rr only occurs between vowels [r]
s before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels [z]
everywhere else [s]
ss only occurs between vowels [s]
t everywhere [t̪]
before voiced consonants [ð̞]
v everywhere [v]
w everywhere [w]
x everywhere [ʃ]
between vowels and word-finally [ks] In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
before a consonant [ks] or [s] In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
in the prefix ex- [z]; [s] before a plosive
y as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong) [i] or [j]
as a consonant [j]
z everywhere except word-finally [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
word-finally [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
a [ä]
e [e̞]
i [i]
y Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction y and the homophonous adverbial pronoun.
o [o̞]
u [u]
Vowel letters in diphthongs
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
In rising diphthongs
i i before a vowel [j]
u u before a vowel (but silent in qu and gu before an e or i) [w]
ü ü before a vowel (only used in and before an e or i) [w]
In falling diphthongs
i i after a vowel [j]
y y after a vowel [j] Almost always word-final. -iy is pronounced [i].
u u after a vowel [w]
w w after a vowel [w] Almost always word-final. -uw is pronounced [w].

Note:

iu and ui are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by t. iw and uy always represent falling diphthongs.

Stress

Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:

  • If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
  • If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
    • The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
    • The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
  • Note that:
    • iV and uV (where V represents any other vowel) are treated as one syllable.
      • The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent. However, this is rare since words that would have íV and úV are usually written as iyV and uwV.
    • Final -y and -w are treated as consonants, and they shift the stress to the final syllable.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Primary stress may occur in any of the last three syllables of a word.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Articles

Definite Article

Essanian definite article
Singular Plural
Masculine el, 'l (after vowels), l' (before vowels) los
Feminine la, l' (before a) les
Neuter lo, l' (before vowels)

Indefinite Article

Essanian indefinite article
Singular Plural
Masculine un unos
Feminine una unes
Neuter uno

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Essanian personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender Independent Clitic
Subject Object Reflexive Object Possessive Direct object Indirect object Reflexive Possessive
1st Singular yo mi miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo me, m'1 mo(n)2/mos, ma(n)2/mes, mo(n)2
Plural Masculine nós; nosotros nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso nos
Feminine nós; nosotres
2nd Singular Informal tu ti tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo te, t'1 to(n)2/tos, ta(n)2/tes, to(n)2
Formal Masculine vucé suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo lu, l'1, -l3 lhi se, s'1 so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2
Feminine la, l'4
Plural Informal Masculine vós; vosotros vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso vos
Feminine vós; vosotres
Formal Masculine vucés lor/loros, lora/lores, loro los lhis se, s'1, -sen5
Feminine les
3rd Singular Masculine elh suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo lu, l'1, -l3 lhi, lh'1 se, s'1 so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2
Feminine elha la, l'4
Neuter elho lo, l'1
Plural Masculine elhos lor/loros, lora/lores, loro los lhis se, s'1, -sen5
Feminine elhes les
Impersonal wemo suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo lo, l'1 lhi, lh'1 se, s'1 so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2

Notes:

1 Preverbal before vowel.

2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is -i- in the first person and -u- in the second and third persons.

3 Post-verbal after vowel.

4 Preverbal before a.

5 Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.).

When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below)

Adverbial object pronouns

The following adverbial clitic object pronouns are used:

  • y, b' (pre-verbal before vowels), -y (post-verbal) = equivalent to French y
  • en, n' (pre-verbal before vowels), -ne (post-verbal) = equivalent to French en

When both adverbial object pronouns are used at once, they combine as en b' preverbally before vowels and n'y otherwise.

Nouns

Gender

Nouns may be masculine or feminine.

Number

Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.

Regular plurals

Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:

Plural of nouns based on ending and gender
Ending Gender Plural Dual Remarks
Stressed vowel M/F -s -tén These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged.
Consonant most M -os -én An exception are nouns ending in -nt that do not refer to people. Such nouns are masculine in gender but take -es in the plural.
F; some M -es -én In addition to feminine nouns, masculine inanimate nouns ending in -nt take -es in the plural.
-a M/F -es -atén Most words ending in -a are feminine.
-u; -o M/F -os -én Most words ending in -u are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed -o are rare.
-e; -i M/F -es -én Nouns ending in unstressed -i are rare.
Irregular plurals

Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in -ín (masculine) or -at (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.

In all cases, it is accepted to pluralize these words regularly.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Dotatos de rachón y conxencha, deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.

/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ doˈtados de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/

Other resources

Notes