Evonish: Difference between revisions

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{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
|Name      = Evonish
|Name      = Evonish
|NativeName = Évonix
|NativeName =  
|Type      = Fusional
|Type      = Fusional
|Alignment  = Nominative-accusative
|Alignment  = Nominative-accusative
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Affricates were present in [[Middle Evonish]], but by Modern Evonish, they have all become velarized or palatalized.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 860px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
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|}
|}
===Palatalization===
===Palatalization===
This sounds change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x.
This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x.
Occurrences:
Occurrences:
*lorem
*lorem
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==Writing==
==Writing==
===Allophones===
===Allophones===
n is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.
N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.


===Alphabet===
===Alphabet===
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==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
===Personal===
===Personal===
Subject to change
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person.
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. Suppletion between accusative and dative cases in first and second plurals occurred from originally distinct dual and plural pronouns, hence there are the Cs in the accusative of first and second person plurals.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|Person
! scope="row"|Person
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! rowspan="2" scope="row"|First
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|First
|Singular
|Singular
|Ik
|
|Mek
|
|Mýn
|
|Mí
|
|-
|-
| scope="row"|Plural
| scope="row"|Plural
|Wí
|
|Unk
|
|Úr
|
|Ús
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Second
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Second
|Singular
|Singular
|Ðú
|
|Ðek
|
|Ðýn
|
|Ðí
|
|-
|-
| scope="row"|Plural
| scope="row"|Plural
|Jí
|
|Ink
|
|Jár
|
|Já
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Third
! rowspan="3"|Third
|Common
|Common
|Hú
|
|Hin
|
|His
|
|Him
|
|-
|-
|Neuter
|Neuter
|Hit
|
|It
|
|Is
|
|Im
|
|-
|-
|Plural
|Plural
|Hé
|
|Én
|
|Hér
|
|Ém
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Indefinite
! rowspan="2"|Indefinite
|Reflexive
|Reflexive
|Zí
|
|Zek
|
|Zýn
|
|Zí
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Relative===
===Relative===
The sole relative pronoun is ðe, however, relative clauses are set off with commas.
The sole relative pronoun is [TBD], however, relative clauses are set off with commas.


===Interrogative===
===Interrogative===
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|-
|-
! style="text-align: left; "|Common
! style="text-align: left; "|Common
|Ƕo
|
|Ƕon
|
|Ƕos
|
|Ƕom
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left; "|Neuter
! style="text-align: left; "|Neuter
| colspan = "2"|Ƕat
|
|Ƕas
|
|Ƕam
|
|
|}
|}


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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Adjective===
===Adjective===
Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position, they do not in a predicative position. Cf. [[w:German language|German]] ''die schwarze Magd'' vs ''die Magd ist schwarz''. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be availible in time.
Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position; they do not in a predicative position. Cf. [[w:German language|German]] ''die schwarze Magd'' vs ''die Magd ist schwarz''. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be available in time.
* Comparative: -err
* Comparative: -err
* Superlative: -est
* Superlative: -est
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*Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
*Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
===Noun===
===Noun===
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. Possessive and genitive ''are'' not considered distinct cases. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings in the Old English and Old Norse languages.
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="2"|Class I
! colspan="2"|Class I
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! rowspan="2"|Singular
! rowspan="2"|Singular
!Common
!Common
| o-
|
|
| -en
|
| -es
|
| -e
|
| -i
|
|
|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
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The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.
The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="4" scope="row"|Weak I
! colspan="3"|Weak I
|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Infinitive
!Infinitive
| colspan="2"| '''-en'''
| colspan="2"|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Gerund
!Gerund
| colspan="2"| '''-ung'''
| colspan="2"|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Supine
!Supine
| colspan="2"|'''tó-'''
| colspan="2"|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row"|Participle
!Imperative
! colspan="1"|Passive
|
| colspan="1"|'''ge- -ed'''
| -eþ
|-
|-
! colspan="1"|Active
!Tense
| colspan="1"| '''-end'''
!Present
!Past
|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Tense
!Participle
! colspan="1"|Present
| -end
! colspan="1"|Past
| ge- -ed
|-
|-
! rowspan="4"|Finite forms
!1st singular
!1st singular
| colspan="1" |'''-e'''
| colspan="1" |'''-e'''
| colspan="1" |'''-de'''
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
| colspan="1" |'''-est'''
| colspan="1" |'''-est'''
| colspan="1" |'''-dest'''
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
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| colspan="1" |'''-ed'''
| colspan="1" |'''-ed'''
|-
|-
!All Plural
!Plural
| colspan="1" |'''-en'''
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |'''-den'''
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Imperative
!Subjunctive Singular
!Singular
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1"|'''''(no affix)'''''
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1"|--
|-
!Subjunctive Plural
| colspan="1" | -en
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
!Plural
| colspan="1"| '''-eþ'''
| colspan="1"|--
|}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb.
Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.
===Comparisons===
===Comparisons===
Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:
Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:
Line 581: Line 578:


===Word Order===
===Word Order===
The standard word order is different for different sentence types.
The standard word order is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb.
*Declarative: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object
Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.
*Interrogative: Instrument - Verb - Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object
*Exclamatory: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object
 
==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
===Kinship===
===Kinship===

Revision as of 15:30, 22 June 2013


Evonish
'
Progress: 80%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Common, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


Evonish is a Germanic language of the Evonen language branch. It is based on General American phonology and uses Grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of Celtic and A-priori. Despite these, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater morphology. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Labio-velar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ (ʒ) ç x (ɣ) h
Approximant ɹ j ʍ w
Flap/Tap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ
Near-open æ
Open ɑ

Rhotic

R vowels IPA General American Examples
ar /ɑ˞/ mark, dark
er /ɛ˞ː/ air, bear
ir /e˞ː/ deer and fear
or /ɔ˞ː/ or and cord
ur /ɝː/ fur and her

Palatalization

This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x. Occurrences:

  • lorem
  • ipsum

Writing

Allophones

N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.

Alphabet

See IPA for Evonish. It is a 28 letter alphabet. It is as follows:
a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
Vowels have multiple pronunciations, but consonants do not.

Diacritics & Digraphs

Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/

Pronouns

Personal

Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person.

Person # / Gender Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
First Singular
Plural
Second Singular
Plural
Third Common
Neuter
Plural
Indefinite Reflexive

Relative

The sole relative pronoun is [TBD], however, relative clauses are set off with commas.

Interrogative

Declension Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
Common
Neuter

Determiners

The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead.

Determiners Article Demonstrative
Definite Indefinite Negative Proximal Distal
Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter

Morphology

Adjective

Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position; they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be available in time.

  • Comparative: -err
  • Superlative: -est

Mutation

Ablaut

coming soon...

Umlaut

Occurrences:

  • Certain plurals of strong nouns
  • Genitive and dative singular of some nouns
  • Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs
  • Comparatives and superlatives
  • Derivative verbs (of nouns)
  • Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
  • Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix

Noun

Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.

Class I Vocative Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Instrumental
Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter
Class I Vocative Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Instrumental
Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter

Verb

The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(with gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context.

Aspects Modal Verb Main verb
Simple conjugation
Perfect (to have) passive participle
Progressive (to be) active participle
Habitual (to do) infinitive
Frequentative -eln conjugation (above)

Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. These are conjugated for the indicative mood.

Auxiliary verbs Singular Plural
First Person "I shall" "we shall"
Second Person "thou wilt" "ye will"
Third Person "he goes" "we go"

The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.

Weak I
Infinitive
Gerund
Supine
Imperative -eþ
Tense Present Past
Participle -end ge- -ed
1st singular -e
2nd singular -est
3rd singular -eþ -ed
Plural
Subjunctive Singular
Subjunctive Plural -en

Syntax

Comparisons

Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:

  • "He jumped quicker than I" would yield "than I [jumped]" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
  • "He jumped quicker than me" would yield "than [he jumped] me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).

Word Order

The standard word order is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.

Dictionary

Kinship

soon...

Kinship
Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather
 
 
 
Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Father Mother Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt
 
 
 
Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin
 
 
Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother  Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife
 
 
 
Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew

To add

Soon to be added to contionary after a little management:

  • brinnen - to be afire
  • graven - to sculpture
  • ingraven - to engrave
  • kwellen - to torment (with umlaut)
  • taken - to reach, to lay hold of(related to touch, to take, and to tuck)
  • wacen - to keep watch
  • wecken - to wake up (transitive)
  • waken - to awaken (intransitive)
  • wrýten - to write, to scribe, to shrive

Verb List

This is not formatted, I will fix it soon

Example texts

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