Evonish

From Linguifex
Revision as of 16:46, 21 June 2013 by OlySlayer (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search


Evonish
Évonix
Progress: 80%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Common, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


Evonish is a Germanic language of the Evonen language branch. It is based on General American phonology and uses Grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of Celtic and A-priori. Despite these, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater morphology. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.

Phonology

Consonants

Affricates were present in Middle Evonish, but by Modern Evonish, they have all become velarized or palatalized.

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Labio-velar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ (ʒ) ç x (ɣ) h
Approximant ɹ j ʍ w
Flap/Tap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ
Near-open æ
Open ɑ

Rhotic

R vowels IPA General American Examples
ar /ɑ˞/ mark, dark
er /ɛ˞ː/ air, bear
ir /e˞ː/ deer and fear
or /ɔ˞ː/ or and cord
ur /ɝː/ fur and her

Palatalization

This sounds change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x. Occurrences:

  • lorem
  • ipsum

Writing

Allophones

n is /ŋ/ before k or g See IPA for Evonish. It is a 28 letter alphabet. It is as follows:
a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, i, y, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
Vowels have multiple pronunciations, but consonants do not.

Diacritics

(Work in progress...) Certain umlaut letters will be used . These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied.

  • á - /a/
  • é - /e/
  • í - /i/
  • ó - /o/
  • ú - /u/
  • ý - /ai/

Digraphs

The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. This was originally considered archaic as the diaeresis replaced this practice. With the rise of technology, however, this has become common use again when the diaeresis is not available. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.

Punctuation

It is vastly similar to English punctuation, but the differences are evident:

  • Relative clauses are set off with commas.
  • Prepositional phrases are generally place before what they modify.
  • Declarative sentences end in a period.
  • Interrogative sentences end in a question mark.
  • Exclamatory sentences end in an exclamation mark.

Pronouns

Personal

Subject to change

Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. Suppletion between accusative and dative cases in first and second plurals occurred from originally distinct dual and plural pronouns, hence there are the Cs in the accusative of first and second person plurals.

Person # / Gender Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
First Singular Ik Mek Mýn Mí
Plural Wí Unk Úr Ús
Second Singular Ðú Ðek Ðýn Ðí
Plural Jí Ink Jár Já
Third Common Hú Hin His Him
Neuter Hit It Is Im
Plural Hé Én Hér Ém
Indefinite Reflexive Zí Zek Zýn Zí

Relative

The sole relative pronoun is ðe, however, relative clauses are set off with commas.

Interrogative

Declension Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
Common Ƕo Ƕon Ƕos Ƕom
Neuter Ƕat Ƕas Ƕam

Determiners

The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead.

Determiners Article Demonstrative
Definite Indefinite Negative Proximal Distal
Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter

Morphology

Adjective

Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position, they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be availible in time.

  • Comparative: -err
  • Superlative: -est

Mutation

Ablaut

coming soon...

Umlaut

Occurrences:

  • Certain plurals of strong nouns
  • Genitive and dative singular of some nouns
  • Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs
  • Comparatives and superlatives
  • Derivative verbs (of nouns)
  • Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
  • Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix

Noun

Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. Possessive and genitive are not considered distinct cases. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings in the Old English and Old Norse languages.

Class I Vocative Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Instrumental
Singular Common o- -en -es -e -i
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter
Class I Vocative Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Instrumental
Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter

Verb

The frequentive aspect is the only aspect formed with special conjugations. These conjugations will be provided soon, the infinitives of these are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(including gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. If further aspects are necessary, they may be formed in nonstandard ways or purely in context.

Aspects Modal Verb Main verb
Simple (no modal verb) conjugation
Perfect haven (to have) passive participle
Progressive bíen (to be) active participle
Habitual dóen (to do) infinitive
Frequentative (no modal verb) -eln conjugation (above)

Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. These are conjugated for the indicative mood.

Auxiliary verbs Singular Plural
First Person "I shall" "we shall"
Second Person "thou wilt" "ye will"
Third Person "he goes" "we go"

The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.

Weak I
Infinitive -en
Gerund -ung
Supine tó-
Participle Passive ge- -ed
Active -end
Tense Present Past
Finite forms 1st singular -e -de
2nd singular -est -dest
3rd singular -eþ -ed
All Plural -en -den
Imperative Singular (no affix) --
Plural -eþ --

Syntax

Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.

Comparisons

Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:

  • "He jumped quicker than I" would yield "than I [jumped]" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
  • "He jumped quicker than me" would yield "than [he jumped] me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).

Word Order

The standard word order is different for different sentence types.

  • Declarative: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object
  • Interrogative: Instrument - Verb - Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object
  • Exclamatory: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object

Dictionary

Kinship

soon...

Kinship
Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather
 
 
 
Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Father Mother Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt
 
 
 
Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin
 
 
Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother  Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife
 
 
 
Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew

To add

Soon to be added to contionary after a little management:

  • brinnen - to be afire
  • graven - to sculpture
  • ingraven - to engrave
  • kwellen - to torment (with umlaut)
  • taken - to reach, to lay hold of(related to touch, to take, and to tuck)
  • wacen - to keep watch
  • wecken - to wake up (transitive)
  • waken - to awaken (intransitive)
  • wrýten - to write, to scribe, to shrive

Verb List

This is not formatted, I will fix it soon

Example texts

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Evonish&oldid=8182"