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Eyalian: Difference between revisions
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Here are some features of '''Ahāre''': | Here are some features of '''Ahāre''': | ||
*Strengthening of consonant clusters: ''*su'''jd'''a>lu'''st'''a'' (E. ''lȯ'''ht'''a'') – “hay”. | *Strengthening of consonant clusters: ''*su'''jd'''a>lu'''st'''a'' (E. ''lȯ'''ht'''a'') – “hay”. | ||
*Phoneme [kʷ]: ''skvane'' "neck" (E. '' | *Phoneme [kʷ]: ''skvane'' "neck" (E. ''kona''). | ||
*Initial [[w:Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]]: ''*'''d'''apenta>'''r'''afta'' (V. ''rafen'', E. ''lauta'') – “house". | *Initial [[w:Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]]: ''*'''d'''apenta>'''r'''afta'' (V. ''rafen'', E. ''lauta'') – “house". | ||
*Rounding: ''*å>o'' [ɔ], *ā>[ɑɔ~ɒː]. Short *a does not undergo any rounding - ''zasku'' (E. ''zohtu'') – ("he/she has become"). | *Rounding: ''*å>o'' [ɔ], *ā>[ɑɔ~ɒː]. Short *a does not undergo any rounding - ''zasku'' (E. ''zohtu'') – ("he/she has become"). | ||
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*Complete diphthongization of long vowels in stressed syllable (including ''*ā>oa''). | *Complete diphthongization of long vowels in stressed syllable (including ''*ā>oa''). | ||
*Rounding: ''*å>o'', including *a, although the latter is partial and does not spread on the whole area. | *Rounding: ''*å>o'', including *a, although the latter is partial and does not spread on the whole area. | ||
*[[w:Apocope|apocope]] of the final "e" in nouns and verbs: '' | *[[w:Apocope|apocope]] of the final "e" in nouns and verbs: ''zkvan~kvon'' "neck" (E. ''kona''). The final "e" did not elide in genitive, which was "-es" originally, and in adjectives, where it was restored by analogy. | ||
*Phonemes [kʷ] and [c]. | *Phonemes [kʷ] and [c]. | ||
*Phoneme "y" [ɪ]: ''*sujda>lyhta'' (E. ''lȯ'''ht'''a'') – “hay”. | *Phoneme "y" [ɪ]: ''*sujda>lyhta'' (E. ''lȯ'''ht'''a'') – “hay”. | ||
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===Transitional (Irekinėla)=== | ===Transitional (Irekinėla)=== | ||
The transitional dialects (''ehomėla irekėnėla'') are spoken in the west of the Keina Republic. This is not a genetic grouping and thus various dialects show different features closer to either Tarnan or Keian. None of these dialects have a specifically Keian [s̠] sound, but they also lack rounding of *ā typical to Tarnan (initial ''*ā>uo'' in Uve, but initial ''*ō>eu'', which means they did not merge like in Tarnan), with some also lacking rounding of the short *a. Dialects close to Keian lenite /f/ to [v] between vowels: ''lavat'' "house" (T. ''lauta''), but do not lenite /k/ or /t/ even word-finally. | The transitional dialects (''ehomėla irekėnėla'') are spoken in the west of the Keina Republic. This is not a genetic grouping and thus various dialects show different features closer to either Tarnan or Keian. None of these dialects have a specifically Keian [s̠] sound, but they also lack rounding of *ā typical to Tarnan (initial ''*ā>uo'' in Uve, but initial ''*ō>eu'', which means they did not merge like in Tarnan), with some also lacking rounding of the short *a. Dialects close to Keian lenite /f/ to [v] between vowels: ''lavat'' "house" (T. ''lauta''), but do not lenite /k/ or /t/ even word-finally. | ||
A special subgroup within the transitional dialects is the ''ehoma enejale''. This dialect possesses a few distinct phonological and morphological features and is close to Enan dialects right to the south. It has a three-way distinction of lateral approximants and dental nasals, unlike other dialects, which have one or two of each (this is shared with Old Enan). Like Keian, South Eyalian lenites /f/ to [v] between vowels, but it also elides the weak /n/ (distinct from the strong [n̪ˠ]) in the same position: ''*mina>ja/ėja'' "sparrow", but ''*qena>eṅa/iṅa'' "language"; and /l/: ''zōli>zoai'' "cold", but ''*qådani>olae'' "old". In the southernmost area *c became ''"z"'' [θ] or [t͡θ] rather than [c] like in other dialects. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The verb is one of the most complex parts of Eyalian grammar. Not a full list of verb forms is given here; the purpose is to explain the nature and structure of the verbal system. One of the remarkable characteristics of the Eyalian verb is the fact that verbs can be conjugated both '''synthetically''' (i.e. have morphological finite forms); and '''analytically''' with some only having non-finite forms, which can enter into a wide variety of compound tense structures (consisting of a non-finite verb form combined with a finite auxiliary). For example, "I eat" is ''ohane'' (synthetic), but ''on fearin'' "I feel" (periphrastic, lit. "on me is feeling"). These two groups are further divided into two categories: transitive and intransitive, althouth most transitive verbs have synthetic forms. Old roots have three '''grades''', ''kuole'' ("long"), ''kieke'' ("short") and ''ekikke'' ("reduced"), though usually only the "long" and "short" grades show in conjugation. | The verb is one of the most complex parts of Eyalian grammar. Not a full list of verb forms is given here; the purpose is to explain the nature and structure of the verbal system. One of the remarkable characteristics of the Eyalian verb is the fact that verbs can be conjugated both '''synthetically''' (i.e. have morphological finite forms); and '''analytically''' with some only having non-finite forms, which can enter into a wide variety of compound tense structures (consisting of a non-finite verb form combined with a finite auxiliary). For example, "I eat" is ''ohane'' (synthetic), but ''on fearin'' "I feel" (periphrastic, lit. "on me is feeling"). These two groups are further divided into two categories: transitive and intransitive, althouth most transitive verbs have synthetic forms. Old roots have three '''grades''', ''kuole'' ("long"), ''kieke'' ("short") and ''ekikke'' ("reduced"), though usually only the "long" and "short" grades show in conjugation. | ||
Traditionally | Traditionally Eyalian verbs are cited using a non-finite form conventionally referred to as the [[w:Infinitive|infinitive]], which ends in ''"-ni"'' regardless of a previous consonant (if the root ends in a consonant cluster, it is usually reduced - ''katni'' "to count" – ''zolkohte'' "he/she is counting them"). | ||
Eyalian has ten aspects, but some are rarely used and can only be found in literature. The verb aspects (though they are often tenses and moods too) are organized into "systems" (as well as infinitives, intensives, [[w:Desiderative|desideratives]], [[w:Causative|causatives]], and [[w:Benedictive|benedictives]]) based on the different verb forms used in conjugation. | Eyalian has ten aspects, but some are rarely used and can only be found in literature. The verb aspects (though they are often tenses and moods too) are organized into "systems" (as well as infinitives, intensives, [[w:Desiderative|desideratives]], [[w:Causative|causatives]], and [[w:Benedictive|benedictives]]) based on the different verb forms used in conjugation. | ||
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Every verb also | Every verb also has three additional forms: '''affirmative''' (''zolkoht'''e''''' "he/she is counting them"), '''negative''' (''zolkoht'''im''''' "he/she isn't counting them") and '''hypothetical''' (''zolkoht'''iz''''' "he/she might be counting them"). | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | [[Category:Artlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Ketan languages]] | |||
{{art}} | |||