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Far East Semitic: Difference between revisions
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Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | ||
Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and literary languages of Lõis's Southeast Asia. | Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and literary languages of Lõis's Southeast Asia. It's in a clade with Akkadian. | ||
==Todo== | |||
Verner's law in random words? plax "to open" <- *pdax <- *phthax | |||
lhor "king", mëlkh "prince"? | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Consonants: | Consonants: | ||
*p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> | *p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> ph b th t d kh k g x ɣ~ɢ | ||
*m n l r w y -> m n l | *m n l r w y -> m n l ɹ w j | ||
*θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ l̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h | *θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ l̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h | ||
Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a | Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a ā | ||
''p'' shows up in loanwords from Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages. | |||
ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, | ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, ɚbaɣ, qhamš, šɨš, šbaɣ, šmān, dɨšq, l̥əl | ||
11: l̥əl had, 12: l̥əl θian, etc. | 11: l̥əl had, 12: l̥əl θian, etc. | ||
θina, l̥əθa, | θina, l̥əθa, ɚbɣa, qhəmša, šɨša, šbəɣa, šməna, dɨšqa, mə'a | ||
əlp | əlp | ||
100,000: ləkš | 100,000: ləkš | ||
100,00,000: kot | 100,00,000: kot | ||
-> aws, xiam, hlaus, plaub, qhaab, sws, pha, | -> aws, xiam, hlaus, plaub, qhaab, sws, pha, hmaum, dwg, hloj | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles. | Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles. | ||
Animate plurals are marked with postposed ''wɨl'' (which is more of an associative marker). | |||
==== Derivation ==== | |||
Singulatives are formed with ''bɨn-''. | |||
kʰətʰāb: agentive | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. | As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. It's relatively unpredictable which Semitic verb root was assigned to which pattern. | ||
==== Derivation ==== | ==== Derivation ==== | ||
Derivations that correspond to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative: | Derivations that correspond to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative: | ||
*G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib | *G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib | ||
*D-stem: | *D-stem: kʰətʰVb | ||
*N-stem: | *N-stem: nə·xtVb | ||
*S-stem: | *S-stem: šə·xtVb | ||
*t-stems: | *t-stems: tə·xtVb | ||
the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | ||
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mə- prefix for derived nouns -> prenasalization in the quasi-Hmoob language | mə- prefix for derived nouns -> prenasalization in the quasi-Hmoob language | ||
Some | Some former VN patterns (also noun patterns) | ||
* kʰətʰıb | |||
* xteb, xtib | * xteb, xtib | ||
* xtub for adjectives | * xtub for adjectives | ||
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particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | ||
bə xtib | bə xtib nākʰ = I write | ||
min xtib | min xtib nākʰ = I wrote | ||
l̥aʔ xtib | l̥aʔ xtib nākʰ = I will write | ||
==== Pronouns ==== | ==== Pronouns ==== | ||
* 1sg ''nākʰ'' | * 1sg ''nā''~''nākʰ''~''ni'' (Hmooblang ''nau'') | ||
* 2sg '' | * 2sg ''əntu''~''kʰmu'' (Hmooblang ''hmu'') | ||
* | Plural pronouns were formed with the associative marker ''wɨl'' (< *wa-illu 'and these') or ''kʰol'' (from *kullu 'all'): | ||
* | * 1pl: ''nākʰ wɨl~nākʰol'' | ||
* 2pl ''kʰmu wɨl~kʰmu kʰol~kʰmɨl'' | |||
Largely replaced with rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech | Largely replaced with rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech | ||