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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Finian | |name=Finian | ||
|nativename=Tanwâr Finyarâr | |||
|region=Northern Germany, Baltic coast | |region=Northern Germany, Baltic coast | ||
|era=attested 4th–2nd century BCE | |era=attested 4th–2nd century BCE | ||
| Line 9: | Line 10: | ||
|fam4 = Peleio-Finian | |fam4 = Peleio-Finian | ||
|ancestor = Finian(?) | |ancestor = Finian(?) | ||
|iso3 = | |iso3 = qfi | ||
|script=[[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]] | |script=[[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]] | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
Finian was a Lúsanic language spoken in northern Europe from the fourth century until the second century BCE when | Finian was a Lúsanic language spoken in northern Europe from the fourth century until the second century BCE when it disappeared. It was apparently recognised by Dhannic speakers as a related language albeit very different. Attested by fifty or so inscriptions, mostly of a votive kind, the known corpus of the language remains small. | ||
==General characteristics== | ==General characteristics== | ||
While quite similar to the Dhannic languages in many aspects, there are some striking differences. One of the most noticeable is the shifting of several inherited stops from Finio-Dhannic. In Finian, this development first described by Indo-European linguist Berthold von Walden manifests in its earliest stages as a fricativization of the unvoiced stops, while the voiced stops series devoice thus taking their places. Cf. the reconstructed Proto-Lúsanic * | While quite similar to the Dhannic languages in many aspects, there are some striking differences. One of the most noticeable is the shifting of several inherited stops from Finio-Dhannic. In Finian, this development first described by Indo-European linguist Berthold von Walden manifests in its earliest stages as a fricativization of the unvoiced stops, while the voiced stops series devoice thus taking their places. Cf. the reconstructed Proto-Lúsanic *pénjarōs with Finian ''finyarar'' ('that which is of the bog', 'bog-y') and its Dhannuán cognate ''penniaros'' which does not display the consonant shift (retaining ''p''). | ||
Yet another example is Finian ''kina'' and Dhannuán ''úenna'' both meaning 'woman'. | |||
This can be summarised as the following set of changes (note that each phoneme takes a step right) | This can be summarised as the following set of changes (note that each phoneme takes a step right) | ||
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:<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʰ → g | :<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʰ → g | ||
Many of the idiosyncrasies of Finian have to do with the resulting development of these newly produced stops. Generally, these stops undergo fricativization resulting in the voiced fricatives /β/ and /ɣ/. Some | Many of the idiosyncrasies of Finian have to do with the resulting development of these newly produced stops. Generally, these stops undergo fricativization resulting in the voiced fricatives /β/ and /ɣ/. Some speakers though, appear to have replaced /β/ with /v/ as in /'vala:r/ ('flower') attested from inscriptions (there rendered as {{smallcaps|uualaar}}). | ||
One relatively strange change is the change of this /d/ to /l/ | One relatively strange change is the change of this new /d/ to /l/ at the beginning of words. | ||
[[Category: | ===Epenthesis=== | ||
Like Dhannuá, Finian also exhibits anaptyxis but in more widespread environments. Finian does not appear to allow syllable onset clusters nor consonant clusters over word boundaries inserting a vowel to break these up (''a'' and ''i''). Finian ''v'''a'''lar'' "flower" is the typical example showing a-insertion between etymological ''*vl-'', cf. Dhannuán ''bhlór'' with no intruding ''a''. A similar phenomenon seems to occur over word boundaries. When consonant-final words collide with a consonant-initial word, an i-insertion occurs between them, as in the question ''ist an '''i'''sa mii'' (lit. 'is that at me?', "Do I have it?") with the ''i'' inserted before ''sa''. This does not occur in with ''sa'' but with ''mii'' in the answer: ''sa ist imii'' (lit. 'that one is at me', "I have it"). | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The only known examples of Finian verbs appear to use the secondary ''mi''-series of pronominal endings, similar in fashion to Aurónian. | |||
:{{sc|karanaahiooniitani}} | |||
:''… karanâ hi ôni itani…'' | |||
:"I (who) eat the grain and (drink) the water" | |||
:{{sc|tvotinimiliraarigiaaviraanititaami}} | |||
:''…tuotin imilirâr igi âwirân ititâmi…'' | |||
:"I (who) have given (this) tribute of honey and lambs" | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Lúsanic_languages]] | [[Category:Lúsanic_languages]] | ||