Glommish/Old

Glommish/Old is the most recent common ancestor of Þiúdьsk and Ufirlandisg.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m m	n n
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	t t		k c~k
	voiced	b b	d d		g ɟ~g
Fricative		f f~v	þ θ~ð	s s~z	h ç~x~h
Resonant		w ʋ	r r	l l	j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization is still allophonic in Glommish/Old but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

• -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr

Vowels

Glommish/Old had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ŭi i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ ь /ɑ ɑː æ æː əi i iː ɔ ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Morphology

Nouns

a-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wulfъ	wulfar
Genitive	wulfъs	wulfa
Dative	wulfъi	wulfъmъ
Instrumental	wulfa	wulfъmь

a-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jukъ	juka
Genitive	jukъs	juka
Dative	jukъi	jukъmъ
Instrumental	juka	jukъmь

ō-stem: gefa (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gefa	gefar
Genitive	gefar	gefa
Dative	gefai	gefamъ
Instrumental	gefa	gefamь

i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gastь	gasti
Genitive	gastьs	gastьja
Dative	gasti	gastьmъ
Instrumental	gasti	gastьmь

i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	marь	mari
Genitive	marьs	marьja
Dative	mari	marьmъ
Instrumental	mari	marьmь

u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sunъ	sunir
Genitive	sunor	sunьwa
Dative	suni	sunъmъ
Instrumental	sunu	sunъmь

C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burgь	burgir
Genitive	burgir	burga
Dative	burgi	burgъmъ
Instrumental	burgi	burgъmь

z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambъ	lambьra
Genitive	lambьrь	lambьra
Dative	lambьrь	lambьrъmъ
Instrumental	lambьre	lambьrъmь

an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	auga	augana
Genitive	augьnь	augъna
Dative	augьnь	augъmmъ
Instrumental	augьne	augъmmь

ōn-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	harpa	harpanь
Genitive	harpanь	harpana
Dative	harpanь	harpamъ
Instrumental	harpane	harpamь

īn-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	burþi	burþinь
Genitive	burþinь	burþina
Dative	burþinь	burþimъ
Instrumental	burþine	burþimь

r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fader	fadrь
Genitive	fadъr	fadra
Dative	fadrь	fadrъmъ
Instrumental	fadre	fadrъmь

Verbs

leufanъ 'to love'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	leufa	leufasь	leufaþь	leufamъ	leufaþ	leufanþь
present subjunctive	leufa	leufas	leufa	leufam	leufaþ	leufan
past indicative	leufada	leufader	leufade	leufadedъm	leufadedъd	leufadedъn
past subjunctive	leufadedi	leufadedir	leufadedi	leufadedim	leufadedid	leufadedin
imperative	-	leufa!	-	-	leufaþ!	-
present participle	leufand
past participle	leufadъ

hъilinъ 'to heal'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	hъilьja	hъilisь	hъiliþь	hъilimъ	hъiliþ	hъilinþь
present subjunctive	hъilьja	hъilis	hъili	hъilim	hъiliþ	hъilin
past indicative	hъilida	hъilider	hъilide	hъilidedъm	hъilidedъd	hъilidedъn
past subjunctive	hъilidedi	hъilidedir	hъilidedi	hъilidedim	hъilidedid	hъilidedin
imperative	-	hъili!	-	-	hъiliþ!	-
present participle	hъilind
past participle	hъilidъ

wrītъnъ 'to write'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītьrь	wrītьdь	wrītъmъ	wrītьd	wrītъndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītъir	wrītъi	wrītъim	wrītъid	wrītъin
past indicative	wrъit	wrъitst	wrъit	writъm	writъd	writъn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītъd!	-
present participle	wrītъnd
past participle	writъnъ

keusъnъ 'to choose'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	keusa	kiusьrь	kiusьþь	keusъmъ	kiusьd	keusъndь
present subjunctive	keusa	keusъir	keusъi	keusъim	keusъid	keusъin
past	kaus	kaust	kaus	kurъm	kurъd	kurъn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	keus!	-	-	kiusьd!	-
present participle	keusъnd
past participle	kurъnъ

bindъnъ 'to bind'

tense	ek	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindьrь	bindьþь	bindъmъ	bindьd	bindъndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindъir	bindъi	bindъim	bindъid	bindъin
past	band	bandst	band	bundъm	bundъd	bundъn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindьd!	-
present participle	bindъnd
past participle	bundъnъ