Glommish/Old: Difference between revisions

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Line 127: Line 127:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''wulfy'' || ''wulfъmъ''  
| ''wulfy'' || ''wulfъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''wulfaþ'' || ''wulfъrъ''
|}
|}


Line 140: Line 137:
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative/Accusative
| ''jukъ'' || ''juka''  
| ''jukъ'' || ''juka''  
|-
|-
Line 148: Line 145:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''juky'' || ''jukъmъ''  
| ''juky'' || ''jukъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''jukaþ'' || ''jukъrъ''
|}
|}


Line 169: Line 163:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''gēfai'' || ''gēfamъ''  
| ''gēfai'' || ''gēfamъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''gēfai'' || ''gēfarъ''
|}
|}


Line 190: Line 181:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьmъ''  
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьrъ''
|}
|}


Line 211: Line 199:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''mari'' || ''marьmъ''  
| ''mari'' || ''marьmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''mari'' || ''marьrъ''
|}
|}


Line 232: Line 217:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''suni'' || ''sunъmъ''  
| ''suni'' || ''sunъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''sunew'' || ''sunъrъ''
|}
|}


Line 253: Line 235:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''burgi'' || ''burgъmъ''  
| ''burgi'' || ''burgъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''burgь'' || ''burgъrъ''
|}
|}


Line 274: Line 253:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъmъ''  
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъrъ''
|}
|}


Line 295: Line 271:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''augьnь'' || ''augъmmъ''  
| ''augьnь'' || ''augъmmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''augьnь'' || ''augarъ''
|}
|}


Line 316: Line 289:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''harpanь'' || ''harpamъ''  
| ''harpanь'' || ''harpamъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''harpanь'' || ''harparъ''
|}
|}


Line 338: Line 308:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþimъ''  
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþimъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþirъ''
|}
|}


Line 359: Line 326:
! Dative
! Dative
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъmъ''  
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъrъ''
|}
|}



Revision as of 16:42, 5 September 2021

Old Thedish (þiudьska rarda; Modern Thedish aldþiúsk) is the most recent common ancestor of the Thedic languages, Thedish and Ufirlandisg. It is one of the classical Germanic languages of Lõis and is the most conservative subbranch of Germanic besides Gothic -- it has much less umlaut than Old English or Old Norse.

It evolved into Middle Thedish by ca. the 1200s.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m m n n
Stop
/Affricate
voiceless p p t t k c~k
voiced b b d d g ɟ~g
Fricative f f~v þ θ~ð s s~z h ç~x~h
Resonant w ʋ r r l l j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Thedish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

  • -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
  • kw, hw > p, f

Vowels

Old Thedish had the following vowels:

a ā e ē i ī o ȯ ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ y ь /a ɑː ɛ ɛː i iː ɔ o ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

should be a direct descendant of PWGmc

Nouns

o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative wulfъ wulfy
Genitive wulfъs wulfa
Dative wulfy wulfъmъ


o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative/Accusative jukъ juka
Genitive jukъs juka
Dative juky jukъmъ


eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gēfa gēfar
Genitive gēfar gēfa
Dative gēfai gēfamъ


i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gastь gasti
Genitive gastьs gastьja
Dative gasti gastьmъ


i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative marь mari
Genitive marьs marьja
Dative mari marьmъ


u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative sunъ sunir
Genitive sunor sunьwa
Dative suni sunъmъ


C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burgь burgir
Genitive burgir burga
Dative burgi burgъmъ


z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lambъ lambьra
Genitive lambьrь lambьra
Dative lambьrь lambьrъmъ


an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative auga augana
Genitive augьnь augъna
Dative augьnь augъmmъ


n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative harpa harpanь
Genitive harpanь harpana
Dative harpanь harpamъ


n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burþi burþinь
Genitive burþinь burþina
Dative burþinь burþimъ


r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fader fadrь
Genitive fadъr fadra
Dative fadrь fadrъmъ

Verbs

Weak

leufanъ 'to love'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative leufa leufasь leufaþь leufamъ leufaþ leufanþь
present subjunctive leufa leufas leufa leufam leufaþ leufan
past I leufada leufadest leufade leufadedъm leufadedъd leufadedъn
past II leufas leufast leufas leufasъm leufasъd leufaser
past subjunctive leufadedi leufadedir leufadedi leufadedim leufadedid leufadedin
imperative - leufa! - - leufaþ! -
present participle leufand
past participle leufadъ


hylinъ 'to heal'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative hylьja hylisь hyliþь hylimъ hyliþ hylinþь
present subjunctive hylьja hylis hyli hylim hyliþ hylin
past I hylida hylidest hylide hylidedъm hylidedъd hylidedъn
past II hylis hylist hylis hylisъm hylisъd hyliser
past subjunctive hylidedi hylidedir hylidedi hylidedim hylidedid hylidedin
imperative - hyli! - - hyliþ! -
present participle hylind
past participle hylidъ

Strong

wrītъnъ 'to write'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītьrь wrītьdь wrītъmъ wrītьd wrītъndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītyr wrīty wrītym wrītyd wrītyn
past I wryt wryst wryt wrytъm wrytъd wryter
past II writъ writь writ writъm writъd writъn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītъd! -
present participle wrītъnd
past participle writъnъ


keusъnъ 'to choose'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative keusa kiusьrь kiusьþь keusъmъ kiusьd keusъndь
present subjunctive keusa keusyr keusy keusym keusyd keusyn
past I kaus kaust kaus kaurъm kaurъd kaurer
past II kusъ kusь kus kurъm kurъd kurъn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - keus! - - kiusьd! -
present participle keusъnd
past participle kurъnъ


bindъnъ 'to bind'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindьrь bindьþь bindъmъ bindьd bindъndь
present subjunctive binda bindyr bindy bindym bindyd bindyn
past I band banst band bandъm bandъd bander
past II bundъ bundь bund bundъm bundъd bundъn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindьd! -
present participle bindъnd
past participle bundъnъ

Adjectives

Adjectives had two declensions:

  1. a declension following the original PIE adjective declension, and
  2. a declension using the n-stem declension.

The first paradigm was used for predicative adjectives and circumstantial adjective phrases. The second paradigm was used for attributive adjectives.

Syntax

Constituent order

If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Schleicher

Skēpъ auk hrussy

Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, druhten, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flauh skēpъ þurh akrъ.

Other resources