Glommish/Old

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Old Thedish is the most recent common ancestor of the Thedic languages, Thedish and Ufirlandisg. It is a subbranch of the Oselo-Bruso-Thedic branch of Indo-European.

It evolved into Middle Thedish by ca. the 1200s.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m m n n
Stop
/Affricate
voiceless p p t t k c~k
voiced b b d d g ɟ~g
Fricative f f~v þ θ~ð s s~z h ç~x~h
Resonant w ʋ r r l l j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Thedish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

  • -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
  • kw, hw > p, f

Vowels

Old Thedish had the following vowels:

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ ъi ь /ɑ ɑː æ æː i iː ɔ ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative wulfъ wulfъi
Genitive wulfъs wulfa
Dative wulfъi wulfъmъ
Locative wulfaþ wulfъrъ


o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative jukъ juka
Genitive jukъs juka
Dative jukъi jukъmъ
Locative jukaþ jukъrъ


eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gēfa gēfar
Genitive gēfar gēfa
Dative gēfai gēfamъ
Locative gēfai gēfarъ


i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gastь gasti
Genitive gastьs gastьja
Dative gasti gastьmъ
Locative gasti gastьrъ


i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative marь mari
Genitive marьs marьja
Dative mari marьmъ
Locative mari marьrъ


u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative sunъ sunir
Genitive sunor sunьwa
Dative suni sunъmъ
Locative sunew sunъrъ


C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burgь burgir
Genitive burgir burga
Dative burgi burgъmъ
Locative burgь burgъrъ


z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lambъ lambьra
Genitive lambьrь lambьra
Dative lambьrь lambьrъmъ
Locative lambьrь lambьrъrъ


an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative auga augana
Genitive augьnь augъna
Dative augьnь augъmmъ
Locative augьnь augarъ


n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative harpa harpanь
Genitive harpanь harpana
Dative harpanь harpamъ
Locative harpanь harparъ


n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burþi burþinь
Genitive burþinь burþina
Dative burþinь burþimъ
Locative burþinь burþirъ


r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fader fadrь
Genitive fadъr fadra
Dative fadrь fadrъmъ
Locative fadrь fadrъrъ

Verbs

Weak

leufanъ 'to love'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative leufa leufasь leufaþь leufamъ leufaþ leufanþь
present subjunctive leufa leufas leufa leufam leufaþ leufan
past I leufada leufadest leufade leufadedъm leufadedъd leufadedъn
past II leufas leufast leufas leufasъm leufasъd leufaser
past subjunctive leufadedi leufadedir leufadedi leufadedim leufadedid leufadedin
imperative - leufa! - - leufaþ! -
present participle leufand
past participle leufadъ


hъilinъ 'to heal'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative hъilьja hъilisь hъiliþь hъilimъ hъiliþ hъilinþь
present subjunctive hъilьja hъilis hъili hъilim hъiliþ hъilin
past I hъilida hъilidest hъilide hъilidedъm hъilidedъd hъilidedъn
past II hъilis hъilist hъilis hъilisъm hъilisъd hъiliser
past subjunctive hъilidedi hъilidedir hъilidedi hъilidedim hъilidedid hъilidedin
imperative - hъili! - - hъiliþ! -
present participle hъilind
past participle hъilidъ

Strong

wrītъnъ 'to write'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītьrь wrītьdь wrītъmъ wrītьd wrītъndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītъir wrītъi wrītъim wrītъid wrītъin
past I wrъit wrъist wrъit wrъitъm wrъitъd wrъiter
past II writъ writь writ writъm writъd writъn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītъd! -
present participle wrītъnd
past participle writъnъ


keusъnъ 'to choose'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative keusa kiusьrь kiusьþь keusъmъ kiusьd keusъndь
present subjunctive keusa keusъir keusъi keusъim keusъid keusъin
past I kaus kaust kaus kaurъm kaurъd kaurer
past II kusъ kusь kus kurъm kurъd kurъn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - keus! - - kiusьd! -
present participle keusъnd
past participle kurъnъ


bindъnъ 'to bind'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindьrь bindьþь bindъmъ bindьd bindъndь
present subjunctive binda bindъir bindъi bindъim bindъid bindъin
past I band banst band bandъm bandъd bander
past II bundъ bundь bund bundъm bundъd bundъn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindьd! -
present participle bindъnd
past participle bundъnъ

Adjectives

Adjectives had two declensions:

  1. a declension following the original PIE adjective declension, and
  2. a declension using the n-stem declension.

The first paradigm was used for predicative adjectives and circumstantial adjective phrases. The second paradigm was used for attributive adjectives.

Syntax

Constituent order

If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Schleicher

Skēpъ auk hrussъi

Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafis, sū hrussъi: ъinъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ъinъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ъinъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagis skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir dariþь sewъndъi gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussъi." Þanne sagiser hrussъi: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь dariþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, fadь, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klъiþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafъiþь." Þat hauridъ, flug skēpъ þurh akrъ.

Other resources