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|pronunciation = /ˈgrä.jɪs/
|pronunciation = /ˈgrä.jɪs/
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>additionally creator of:<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
<ul>
<ul>
<li>[[Ox-Yew|Adzaay]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
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<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
<ul>
<li>''[[Griutungi]]''</li>
<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
</small>
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}}
}}


Grayis is an a priori language created by BenJamin P. Johnson for Infinite Mind Pictures, Inc. to serve as the language of the Grayis Kin, one of six alien races who feature in the board game and upcoming screenplay [https://www.infinitemind.pictures/ Pilots of Gallaxia].  
Grayis is an a priori language created by [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]] for [https://www.infinitemind.pictures/ Infinite Mind Pictures], Inc. to serve as the language of the Grayis Kin, one of six alien races who feature in the board game and upcoming screenplay ''Pilots of Gallaxia''.  


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
!'''High'''
!'''High'''
|'''i'''<br />[i ~ i]
|'''i'''<br />[i ~ ɪ]
|
|
|'''u'''<br />[u ~ ʊ]
|'''u'''<br />[u ~ ʊ]
Line 127: Line 133:
|
|
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
*/h/ cannot follow another consonant or occur intervocalically.
*/s/ can only occur word-finally.
*Words cannot end with /g/ or any consonant cluster.
*Vowels (except for diphthongs) must be separated by a consonant.
*Word-initial consonant clusters are limited to [plosive]+[liquid] (i.e. {ptkbdg} + {lr}), but not /tl/ or /dl/.
**Intervocalic clusters may be:
**Geminate plosives or sonorants: /pp/, /tt/, /kk/, /bb/, /dd/, /ll/, /rr/, /mm/, /nn/; but not /gg/.
**Any [plosive]+[liquid] combination: /pl/, /pr/, /tl/, /tr/, /kl/, /kr/, /bl/, /br/, /dl/, /dr/, /gl/, /gr/
**Any [plosive]+/w/: /pw/, /tw/, /kw/, /bw/, /dw/, /gw/
**Any [nasal]+[unvoiced plosive] or [affricate]: /mp/, /nt/, /nk/, /nʧ/, /nʤ/
**Also: /ngw/, /hk/, /hw/, /hj/
*/i/ and /u/ are realized as [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively, in unstressed closed syllables.
*Like short vowels may contract (including with like short vowels which are part of a diphthong), e.g. ''[[Contionary: raiwai#Grayis|raiwai]]''+''[[Contionary: itta#Grayis|itta]]''+''[[Contionary: aichī#Grayis|aichī]]'' (‘those six men’) > ''raiwai’tt’aichī''. Determiners, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs are the most likely to lose vowels to contraction, while nouns and verbs do not usually experience any elision.
====List of Valid Onsets====
Onsets are not required. The following onsets may occur (including clusters): b–, br–, br–, ch–, d–, dr–, g–, gl–, gr–, h–, j–, k–, kh–, kl–, kr–, l–, m–, n–, p–, pl–, pr–, r–, t–, tr–, w–, y–
====List of Valid Nuclei====
Any vowel may act as a nucleus.
====List of Valid (Intersyllabic) Consonant Clusters====
An intersyllabic consonant is required, though it need not be a cluster. Any single consonant may occur between syllables except for ‹h› and ‹s›. The following intersyllabic consonant clusters may occur:
–bb–, –bl–, –br–, –bw–, –dd–, –dl–, –dr–, –dw–, –gl–, –gr–, –gw–, –hk–, –hw–, –hy–, –kk–, –kl–, –kr–, –kw–, –ll–, –mm–, –mp–, –nch–, –ngw–, –nj–, –nk–, –nn–, –ny–, –pl–, –pp–, –pr–, –pw–, –rr–, –tl–,
–tr–, –tt–, –tw–
====List of Valid Codas====
A coda is not required. No clusters may occur as a coda, but any single consonant may appear as a coda except for ‹g›: –b, –ch, –d, –dj, –h, –k, –l, –m, –n, –p, –r, –s, –t
===Stress===
Stress is determined by mora weight of the rime. No syllable can have more than 3 morae in the rime (VVC). When determining stress, the following order takes precedence:
'''<tt>VːC > VVC > Vː > VV > VC > V</tt>'''
(E.g. āt > aut > ā > au > at > a)
If syllabic weights are equal, the left-most of the equal syllables is stressed. E.g. ''[[Contionary: tākkum#Grayis|tā́kkum]]'' ‘wide’ /ˈtaːk.kʊm/, ''[[Contionary: grawukkai#Grayis|grawukkái]]'' ‘worm’ /gra.wukˈkai/, ''[[Contionary: iruntutim#Grayis|irúntutim]]'' ‘cold weather’ /iˈrun.tu.tim/.
When stress deviates from this pattern it is indicated by an acute diacritic. (Examples above are not normally accented, but acute is used for illustrative purposes.)


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
For the most part, orthography does not differ from the phonology. Where it does, it is indicated below.


{|
{|
|-
|-
|width=35| /||width=35| m||width=35| n||width=35| p||width=35| b||width=35| t||width=35| d||width=35| k||width=35| g||width=35| ʧ||width=35| ʤ||width=35| s||width=35| x||width=35| h||width=35| w||width=35| j||width=35| r||width=35| l||width=35| i||width=35| iː||width=35| ai̯||width=35| ä||width=35| äː||width=35| au̯||width=35| u||width=35| uː ||width=35|/
|width=35|/
|width=35 rowspan=2|p
|width=35 rowspan=2|b
|width=35 rowspan=2|t
|width=35 rowspan=2|d
|width=35 rowspan=2|k
|width=35 rowspan=2|g
|width=35|ʧ
|width=35|ʤ
|width=35 rowspan=2|s
|width=35|x
|width=35 rowspan=2|h
|width=35 rowspan=2|w
|width=35|j
|width=35 rowspan=2|r
|width=35 rowspan=2|l
|width=35 rowspan=2|m
|width=35 rowspan=2|n
|width=35 rowspan=2|i
|width=35|iː
|width=35|ai̯
|width=35|ä
|width=35|äː
|width=35|au̯
|width=35 rowspan=2|u
|width=35|uː
|width=35|/
|-
|-
| ‹ || m|| n|| p|| b|| t|| d|| k|| g|| ch|| j|| s|| kh|| h|| w|| j|| r|| l|| i|| ī|| ai|| a|| ā|| au|| u|| ū || ›
|‹  
|ch
|j<ref>/ʤ/ is spelt ‹dj› when word-final.</ref>
|kh
|y
|ī
|ai
|a
|ā
|au
|ū  
|›
|}
|}


* /ʤ/ is spelt ‹dj› when word-final.
==Grammatical Orders and Alignments==
 
===Typology===
The typology of Grayis is predominantly SOV (subject-object-verb), but may be better described as simply verb-final. The positions of subject and object may shift depending on topicality or markedness.


===Phonotactics===
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===
Grayis has what may be considered tripartite alignment, which means that nouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles; these roles are all marked with particles which may be considered adpositions.


* Words cannot start with /s/.
===Other Orders===
* /h/ cannot occur intervocalically or follow another consonant.
The Grayis language is predominantly head-final, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.
* /s/ can ''only'' occur word-finally.
* Words cannot end with /g/ or any consonant cluster.
* Vowels (except for diphthongs) must be separated by a consonant.
* Word-initial consonant clusters are limited to [plosive]+[liquid] (i.e. {ptkbdg} + {lr}), but not /tl/ or /dl/.
* Intervocalic clusters may be:
** Geminate plosives or sonorants: /pp/, /tt/, /kk/, /bb/, /dd/, /ll/, /rr/, /mm/, /nn/; but not /gg/.
** Any [plosive]+[liquid] combination: /pl/, /pl/, /tl/, /tr/, /kl/, /kr/, /bl/, /br/, /dl/, /dr/, /gl/, /gr/
** Any [plosive]+/w/: /pw/, /tw/, /kw/, /bw/, /dw/, /gw/
** Any [nasal]+[unvoiced plosive] or [affricate]: /mp/, /nt/, /nk/, /nʧ/, /nʤ/
** Also: /ngw/, /hk/, /hw/, /hj/
* Unstressed /au/ is realized as [o̞ː]
* Unstressed /ai/ is realized as [e̞ː]
* Unstressed /a/ may be realized as [ə] or [ɐ]
* /ʧ/ may be realized as [ʨ] for some speakers.


===Stress===
====Noun Phrases====
In noun phrases, only adpositions precede the noun. Demonstratives, numerals, adjectives, genitive constructions, and relative clauses all follow the noun, in that specific order (preposition – NOUN – postposition - determiner/demonstrative – numeral – adjective (phrase) – genitive (phrase) – relative clause). For example, the noun phrase “with those six tall men from town who stole my ferret” would be assembled in the order:


Stress is determined by mora weight of the rime. No syllable can have more than 3 morae in the rime (VVC). When determining stress, the following order takes precedence:
''nu raiwai’tt’aichī mīkkidj barruh au kī pairrit ā chā’u jik makwat.''
{|
|-
| [[Contionary: nu#Grayis|nu]]
|| [[Contionary: raiwai#Grayis|raiwai]]
|| [[Contionary: itta#Grayis|itta]]
|| [[Contionary: aichī#Grayis|aichī]]
|| [[Contionary: mīkkidj#Grayis|mīkkidj]]
|| [[Contionary: barruh#Grayis|barruh]] [[Contionary: au#Grayis|au]]
|| [[Contionary: kī#Grayis|kī]]
|| [[Contionary: pairrit#Grayis|pairrit]] [[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]
|| [[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] [[Contionary: au#Grayis|au]]
|| [[Contionary: jik#Grayis|jik]] [[Contionary: makwat#Grayis|makwat]]
|-
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">cmt</span>
|| man.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">pl</span>
|| this
|| six<ref>The plural particle ''[[Contionary: hah#Grayis|hah]]'' can be thought of as a determiner or numeral. It is not used in conjunction with a number or another adjective that would otherwise indicate plurality (e.g. many, some, seventeen, several, |c).</ref>
|| tall
|| town <span style="font-variant: small-caps">gen</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">rel</span>.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">erg</span>
|| ferret <span style="font-variant: small-caps">obj</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg</span>.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">gen</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">pst</span>.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">pft</span> steal
|-
| with
|| men
|| those
|| six
|| tall
|| from-town
|| who
|| ferret
|| my
|| stole
|}
‘with those six men from town who stole my ferret’


VːC > VVC > Vː > VV > VC > V
====Adjective Phrases====
In adjective phrases, (adverbial) measurements of degree (very, less, too, |c.) follow the adjective.


(E.g. āt > aut > ā > au > at > a)
''murāgi utta mūri katla''
{|
|-
| [[Contionary: murāgi#Grayis|murāgi]]
|| [[Contionary: utta#Grayis|utta]]
|| [[Contionary: mūri#Grayis|mūri]]
|| [[Contionary: katla#Grayis|katla]]
|-
|dog
||that
||good
||very
|}
‘that very good dog’


If syllabic weights are equal, the left-most of the equal syllables is stressed. E.g. ''tā́kkum'' ‘wide’ /ˈtaːk.kʊm/, ''grawukkái'' ‘worm’ /gra.wukˈkai/, ''irúntutim'' ‘cold weather’ /iˈrun.tu.tim/.
====Verb Phrases====
As mentioned in Typology, Grayis is a verb-final language, and as such, adverbs always immediately precede the verb. In the case of negation, negatives come between the verb and other adverbs. TAM particles, if present, always directly precede the verb after negatives.


When stress deviates from this pattern it is indicated by an acute diacritic. (Examples above are not normally accented, but acute is used for illustrative purposes.)
''yun ī chā ā nijūkit dī jai jik akkā.''
{|
|-
| [[Contionary: yun#Grayis|yun]] [[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]
|| [[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] [[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]
|| [[Contionary: nijūkit#Grayis|nijūkit]] [[Contionary: dī#Grayis|dī]]
|| [[Contionary: jai#Grayis|jai]]
|| [[Contionary: jik#Grayis|jik]] [[Contionary: akkā#Grayis|akkā]]
|-
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">3sg erg</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg obj</span>
|| intentional <span style="font-variant: small-caps">adv</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">neg</span>
|| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">pst.pft</span> push
|-
| he
|| me
|| intentionally
|| not
|| pushed
|}
‘he didn’t push me on purpose’


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
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! Grayis !! Decimal !! Meaning
! Grayis !! Decimal !! Meaning
|-
|-
| rī|| 1||align=left| (1)
| [[Contionary: rī#Grayis|rī]] || 1||align=left| (1)
|-
|-
| ai|| 2||align=left| (2)
| [[Contionary: ai#Grayis|ai]] || 2||align=left| (2)
|-
|-
| chil|| 3||align=left| (3)
| [[Contionary: chil#Grayis|chil]] || 3||align=left| (3)
|-
|-
| chirri|| 4||align=left| (3+1)
| [[Contionary: chirri#Grayis|chirri]] || 4||align=left| (3+1)
|-
|-
| kilai|| 5||align=left| (3+2)
| [[Contionary: kilai#Grayis|kilai]] || 5||align=left| (3+2)
|-
|-
| aichī|| 6||align=left| (2×3)
| [[Contionary: aichī#Grayis|aichī]] || 6||align=left| (2×3)
|-
|-
| chalayī|| 7||align=left| (4×2-1?)
| [[Contionary: chalayī#Grayis|chalayī]] || 7||align=left| (4×2-1?)
|-
|-
| nauri|| 8||align=left| (9-1)
| [[Contionary: nauri#Grayis|nauri]] || 8||align=left| (9-1)
|-
|-
| nā|| 9||align=left| (9) (=10 in nonal)
| [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|nā]] || 9||align=left| (9) (=10 in nonal)
|-
|-
| chillīkka|| 27||align=left| (=30 in nonal: 3<small><sup>3</sup></small>, ‘great three’)
| [[Contionary: chillīkka#Grayis|chillīkka]] || 27||align=left| (=30 in nonal: 3<small><sup>3</sup></small>, ‘great three’)
|}
|}


Further numbers are formed by compounding using the word ''ha'' ‘and’.
Further numbers are formed by compounding using the word ''[[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]]'' ‘and’.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"
|-
|-
! Na (Teens) !! Dec. !! Non. !! Ayinnā (20) !! Dec. !! Non. !! Tens !! Dec. !! Non. !! Multiples !! Dec. !! Non.
! [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|Nā]] (Teens)!! Dec. !! Non. !! [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|Ayinnā]] (20) !! Dec. !! Non. !! Tens !! Dec. !! Non.
|-
|-
| narī|| 10|| 11|| ayinnā ha rī|| 19|| 21|| na- || 9|| 10|| nā|| 3<small><sup>2</sup></small> ||align=left|10
| [[Contionary: narī#Grayis|narī]] || 10|| 11|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: rī#Grayis|rī]] || 19|| 21|| [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|na-]] || 9|| 10
|-
|-
| nanai|| 11|| 12|| ayinnā ha ai|| 20|| 22|| ayinnā || 18|| 20|| duhkā|| 3<small><sup>4</sup></small> ||align=left|100
| [[Contionary: nanai#Grayis|nanai]] || 11|| 12|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: ai#Grayis|ai]] || 20|| 22|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] || 18|| 20
|-
|-
| nachil|| 12|| 13|| ayinnā ha chil|| 21|| 23|| chillīkka|| 27|| 30|| kaigu|| 3<small><sup>6</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000
| [[Contionary: nachil#Grayis|nachil]] || 12|| 13|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: chil#Grayis|chil]] || 21|| 23|| [[Contionary: chillīkka#Grayis|chillīkka]] || 27|| 30
|-
|-
| nachirri|| 13|| 14|| ayinnā ha chirri|| 22|| 24|| chirrinnā|| 36|| 40|| nakaigu|| 3<small><sup>8</sup></small> ||align=left|10,000
| [[Contionary: nachirri#Grayis|nachirri]] || 13|| 14|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: chirri#Grayis|chirri]] || 22|| 24|| [[Contionary: chirrinnā#Grayis|chirrinnā]] || 36|| 40
|-
|-
| nakilai|| 14|| 15|| ayinnā ha kilai|| 23|| 25|| kilinnā|| 45|| 50||  duhkakkaigu|| 3<small><sup>10</sup></small> ||align=left|100,000
| [[Contionary: nakilai#Grayis|nakilai]] || 14|| 15|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: kilai#Grayis|kilai]] || 23|| 25|| [[Contionary: kilinnā#Grayis|kilinnā]] || 45|| 50
|-
|-
| nalaichī|| 15|| 16|| ayinnā ha aichī|| 24|| 26|| aichinnā|| 54|| 60|| īlim|| 3<small><sup>12</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000,000
| [[Contionary: nalaichī#Grayis|nalaichī]] || 15|| 16|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: aichī#Grayis|aichī]] || 24|| 26|| [[Contionary: aichinnā#Grayis|aichinnā]] || 54|| 60
|-
|-
| nachalayī|| 16|| 17|| ayinnā ha chalayī|| 25|| 27|| chalainā|| 63|| 70|| jumai|| 3<small><sup>14</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000,000,000
| [[Contionary: nachalayī#Grayis|nachalayī]] || 16|| 17|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: chalayī#Grayis|chalayī]] || 25|| 27|| [[Contionary: chalainā#Grayis|chalainā]] || 63|| 70
|-
|-
| nanāli|| 17|| 18|| ayinnā ha nauri|| 26|| 28|| naurinnā|| 72|| 80
| [[Contionary: nanāli#Grayis|nanāli]] || 17|| 18|| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: nauri#Grayis|nauri]] || 26|| 28|| [[Contionary: naurinnā#Grayis|naurinnā]] || 72|| 80
|-
|-
| ayinnā || 18|| 20|| chillīkka|| 27|| 30|| duhkā|| 81|| 100
| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] || 18|| 20|| [[Contionary: chillīkka#Grayis|chillīkka]] || 27|| 30|| [[Contionary: duhkā#Grayis|duhkā]] || 81|| 100
|}
|}
Multiples of ten are formed in the same manner as [[Contionary: ayinnā|ayinnā]]. Orders of magnitude are formed regularly with multiple compounds.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"
|-
! Tens !! Dec. !! Non. !! Multiples !! Dec. !! Non.
|-
| [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|na-]] || 9|| 10|| [[Contionary: chil#Grayis|chil]] || 3<small><sup>1</sup></small> ||align=left|3
|-
| [[Contionary: ayinnā#Grayis|ayinnā]] || 18|| 20|| [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|nā]] || 3<small><sup>2</sup></small> ||align=left|10
|-
| [[Contionary: chillīkka#Grayis|chillīkka]] || 27|| 30|| [[Contionary: chillīkka#Grayis|chillīkka]] || 3<small><sup>3</sup></small> ||align=left|30
|-
| [[Contionary: chirrinnā#Grayis|chirrinnā]] || 36|| 40|| [[Contionary: duhkā#Grayis|duhkā]] || 3<small><sup>4</sup></small> ||align=left|100
|-
| [[Contionary: kilinnā#Grayis|kilinnā]] || 45|| 50|| [[Contionary: kaigu#Grayis|kaigu]] || 3<small><sup>6</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000
|-
| [[Contionary: aichinnā#Grayis|aichinnā]] || 54|| 60|| [[Contionary: nakaigu#Grayis|nakaigu]] || 3<small><sup>8</sup></small> ||align=left|10,000
|-
| [[Contionary: chalainā#Grayis|chalainā]] || 63|| 70|| [[Contionary: duhkakkaigu#Grayis|duhkakkaigu]] || 3<small><sup>10</sup></small> ||align=left|100,000
|-
| [[Contionary: naurinnā#Grayis|naurinnā]] || 72|| 80|| [[Contionary: īlim#Grayis|īlim]] || 3<small><sup>12</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000,000
|-
| [[Contionary: duhkā#Grayis|duhkā]] || 81|| 100|| [[Contionary: jumai#Grayis|jumai]] || 3<small><sup>18</sup></small> ||align=left|1,000,000,000
|}
Grayis numbers always ''follow'' the noun they modify, and the plural marker should not be used when a number is present, e.g. ''[[Contionary: tānū#Grayis|tānū]] [[Contionary: hah#Grayis|hah]]'' ‘trees’, but ''[[Contionary: tānū#Grayis|tānū]] [[Contionary: nā#Grayis|nā]]'' ‘nine trees’.


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==


Grayis personal pronouns are divided into five categories which may be considered registers of formality, though rather than describing hierarchical relationships, they are determined by the familial and educational relationships between the speakers.
Grayis personal pronouns are divided into five categories which may be considered registers of formality, though rather than describing hierarchical relationships, they are determined by the familial and educational relationships between the speakers. There are five registers, though not all pronouns have all five forms, and some may have the same form for two or more registers.
 
*'''Equal Register.''' This is the register you would use with friends, acquaintances, colleagues, and others you interact with regularly who do not fall into any of the other registers.
*'''Family Register.''' This is similar to that of Equal, but it has the additional connotation that the speakers are related to one another. This is the register for cousins, siblings, and sometimes other family members such as aunts, uncles, or other non-nuclear relations.
*'''Stranger Register.''' The third register is the default for most day-to-day interaction. This is also known as the Neutral Register, as it may be seen as slightly formal. This register is used with anyone you don’t know well. Many workplaces also maintain a neutral register for professional interactions in situation where the Equal register may otherwise be used.
*'''Teacher Register.''' The fourth register is used explicitly for addressing a teacher, parent, or mentor. Situationally, this may also be the assumed register for addressing family elders.
*'''Child Register.''' The fifth and final register is the inverse of the Teacher register: It is how parents address their children, and how teachers address students.  


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"


|-
|-
!width="150"| Equal !!width="150"| Family !!width="150"| Stranger / Neutral !!width="150"| Teacher / Parent !!width="150"| Student / Child
!width="100"| Equal !!width="100"| Family !!width="100"| Stranger !!width="100"| Teacher !!width="100"| Student !!
|-
| [[Contionary: chal#Grayis|chal]]<ref>“I who am your equal”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: cham#Grayis|cham]]<ref>“I who am your kinsman”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]]<ref>“I who am a stranger to you”</ref><ref>Etymological reference to ''[[Contionary: chātturrarri#Grayis|chātturrarri]]'' ‘second brother’; indicates friendship or friendliness.</ref>
|| [[Contionary: char#Grayis|char]]<ref>“I who am your teacher or parent”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: chāh#Grayis|chāh]]<ref>“I who am your student or child”</ref><ref>Though similar in sound to ''[[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]]'', this is an etymological reference to ''[[Contionary: laichāh#Grayis|laichāh]]'', the yellow shadow from the red sun; indicates compliance.</ref>
|align=left valign=top| first person singular, ‘I’
|-
|-
|align="justify" valign="top"| <small>The '''Equal''' register is used with friends, acquaint-ances, coworkers, and others you interact with regularly who do not fall into any of the other categories. This is the “default” formality re-gister in Grayis.</small> ||align="justify" valign="top"| <small>The '''Family''' register is similar to the Equal re-gister, except that it denotes that the listener is a member of the speaker’s family.</small> ||align="justify" valign="top"| <small>The '''Stranger''' register is used with anyone whom the speaker does not know personally.</small> ||align="justify" valign="top"| <small>The '''Teacher''' register is used when addressing teachers, parents, men-tors, sometimes grand-parents.</small> ||align="justify" valign="top"| <small>The '''Student''' register is used when addressing students, the speaker’s own children or grand-children, or anyone who is being taught, trained, or mentored by the speaker.
|colspan=2| [[Contionary: kit#Grayis|kit]]<ref>“you who are my equal or kinsman”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: kāl#Grayis|kāl]]<ref>“you who are a stranger to me”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: kālli#Grayis|kālli]]<ref>“you who are my teacher or parent”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: chit#Grayis|chit]]<ref>“you who are my student or child”</ref><ref>Etymological reference to ''[[Contionary: chitir#Grayis|chitir]]'', the red shadow from the yellow sun, indicates truculence.</ref>
|align=left valign=top| second person singular ‘you’
|-
|-
| '''chal'''|| '''cham'''|| '''chā'''<small><sup>1</sup></small>||'''char'''||'''chāh'''<small><sup>2</sup></small>||align=left valign=top| first person singular, ‘I’
| [[Contionary: yun#Grayis|yun]]<ref>“he or she who is my equal or unknown to me”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: yumi#Grayis|yumi]]<ref>“he or she who is my kinsman”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: yun#Grayis|yun]]
|| [[Contionary: yunum#Grayis|yunum]]<ref>“he or she who is my teacher or parent”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: yunīllah#Grayis|yunīllah]]<ref>“he or she who is my student or child”</ref>
|align=left valign=top| third person singular animate ‘he / she’<ref>There is no gender distinction in the third person pronouns, though there is a distinction between animate (“he/she”) and inanimate (“it”).</ref>
|-
|colspan=5| [[Contionary: wih#Grayis|wih]]
|align=left valign=top| third person singular inanimate ‘it’
|-
|-
|colspan=2| '''kit'''|| '''kāl'''|| '''kālli'''||'''chit'''<small><sup>3</sup></small>||align=left valign=top| second person singular ‘you’
| [[Contionary: kichal#Grayis|kichal]]<ref>“you and I who are equals”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: kicham#Grayis|kicham]]<ref>“you and I who are kinsmen”</ref>
|| -<ref>There is not a single pronoun to represent this idea; instead it is rendered simply as ''[[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]] [[Contionary: kāl#Grayis|kāl]]'' ‘I and you’.</ref>
|| [[Contionary: chakrālli#Grayis|chakrālli]]<ref>“you who are my student or child and I who am your teacher or parent”</ref><ref>Metathesis of ''[[Contionary: char#Grayis|char]]''+''[[Contionary: kālli#Grayis|kālli]]'', because /rk/ is not a legal intrasyllabic sequence.</ref>
|| [[Contionary: jachīt#Grayis|jachīt]]<ref>“you who are my teacher or parent and I who am your student or child”</ref>
|align=left valign=top| first person dual inclusive ‘you and I, we’<ref>The first person dual inclusive pronoun (“you and I”) is optional; there is not a plural inclusive, and all other first person non-singular roles are assumed by the first person plural, whether inclusive or exclusive.</ref>
|-
|-
| '''yun'''|| '''yumi'''|| '''yun'''||'''yunum'''||'''yunīllah'''||align=left valign=top| third person singular animate ‘he / she’<small><sup>4</sup></small>
| [[Contionary: jāla#Grayis|jāla]]<ref>“we who are your equals”</ref>
|-  
|| [[Contionary: jahla#Grayis|jahla]]<ref>“we who are your kinsmen”</ref>
|colspan=5| '''wih'''||align=left valign=top| third person singular inanimate ‘it’
|| [[Contionary: jal#Grayis|jal]]<ref>“we who are unknown to you”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: jālinum#Grayis|jālinum]]<ref>“we who are your teachers or parents”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: jahla#Grayis|jahla]]<ref>“we who are your students or children”</ref>
|align=left valign=top| first person plural, ‘we’
|-
| [[Contionary: gīs#Grayis|gīs]]<ref>“you who are my equals”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: gīt#Grayis|gīt]]<ref>“you who are my kinsmen”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: gillā#Grayis|gillā]]<ref>“you who are unknown to me”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: gailinūh#Grayis|gailinūh]]<ref>“you who are my teachers or parents”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: gīt#Grayis|gīt]]<ref>“you who are my students or children”</ref>
|align=left valign=top| second person plural, ‘you (all)’
|-
|colspan=3| [[Contionary: yaum#Grayis|yaum]]<ref>“they who are my equals, kinsmen, or are unknown to me”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: yaunūh#Grayis|yaunūh]]<ref>“they who are my teachers or parents”</ref>
|| [[Contionary: yaunīllah#Grayis|yaunīllah]]<ref>“they who are my students or children”</ref>
|align=left valign=top| third person plural animate, ‘they’
|-
|colspan=5| [[Contionary: waih#Grayis|waih]]
|align=left valign=top| third person plural inanimate, ‘they, those things’<ref>As with the third person singular, there is an animacy distinction in the third person plural (both rendered as ‘they’ in English). No registers are used with inanimate pronouns.</ref>
|}
 
==Nouns==
 
Grayis nouns do not inflect for case or number, but depending on how they are analyzed, they can be said to have six possible cases. The “inflection” is actually simply the addition of grammatical particles which clarify the role of the noun in a sentence. (The “conjugation” of verbs works in the same way.)
 
Grayis can also be analyzed as having no cases at all, and simply has five postpositions in addition to various prepositions. They are presented here as cases simply to help clarify the tripartite morphosyntactic alignment, but the learner should feel free to think of them in whatever manner is easiest to remember.
 
===Absolutive===
 
The absolutive particle ''[[Contionary: ū#Grayis|ū]]'' is placed after a subject noun which does not take a direct object. This is always the case with intransitive verbs, and can also be the case with optionally transitive verbs with no object.
 
''Chā '''ū'''’k plīnum t’āmīd.''
{|
| [[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] '''[[Contionary: ū#Grayis|ū]]'''
|| [[Contionary: uk#Grayis|uk]] [[Contionary: plīnum#Grayis|plīnum]]
|| [[Contionary: ta#Grayis|ta]] [[Contionary: āmīd#Grayis|āmīd]]
|-
|-
| '''kichal'''|| '''kicham'''|| '''(chā ha kāl)'''<small><sup>5</sup></small>||'''chakrālli'''<small><sup>6</sup></small>||'''jachīt'''||align=left valign=top| first person dual inclusive ‘you and I, we’<small><sup>7</sup></small>
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg '''abs'''</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prox</span> river
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prg</span> stand
|-
|-
| '''jāla'''|| '''jahla'''|| '''jal'''||'''jālinum'''||'''jahla'''||align=left valign=top| first person plural, ‘we’
| '''I'''
||by river
||am.standing
|}
‘'''I''' am standing by the river.’
 
===Ergative===
 
The counterpart to absolutive is ergative. Any noun which takes a direct object must be marked with the particle ''[[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''[[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]'', and vice versa.)
 
''Kāl '''ī''' chā ā ijun, kū’k plīnum t’āmīd.''
{|
| [[Contionary: kāl#Grayis|kāl]] '''[[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]'''
||[[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] ''[[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]''
||[[Contionary: ijun#Grayis|ijun]]
||[[Contionary: kū#Grayis|kū]]
||[[Contionary: uk#Grayis|uk]] [[Contionary: plīnum#Grayis|plīnum]]
||[[Contionary: ta#Grayis|ta]] [[Contionary: āmīd#Grayis|āmīd]]
|-
|-
| '''gīs'''|| '''gīt'''|| '''gillā'''||'''gailinūh'''||'''gīt'''||align=left valign=top| second person plural, ‘you (all)’
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">2sg '''erg'''</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">1sg ''obj''</span>
||see
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">rel.abs</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prox</span> river
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">prg</span> stand
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''yaum'''|| '''yaunūh'''<small><sup>8</sup></small>|| '''yaunīllah'''<small><sup>9</sup></small>||align=left valign=top| third person plural animate, ‘they’
| '''You'''
||''me''
||see
||which
||by river
||am.standing
|}
‘You see me standing by the river.’
 
===Accusative===
 
The accusative (or direct object) of any verb is marked with the particle ''[[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]''. (This particle is always paired with another noun phrase containing the particle ''[[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]'', and vice versa.)
 
''Yaum ''ī'' juchī '''ā''' jai’dwam.''
{|
| [[Contionary: yaum#Grayis|yaum]] ''[[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]''
||[[Contionary: juchī#Grayis|juchī]] '''[[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]'''
||[[Contionary: jai#Grayis|jai]] [[Contionary: idwam#Grayis|idwam]]
|-
|-
|colspan=5| '''waih'''||align=left valign=top| third person plural inanimate, ‘they, those things’<small><sup>10</sup></small>
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">3pl ''erg''</span>
||meat <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''acc'''</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">neg</span> eat
|-
| ''They''
||'''meat'''
||not eat
|}
|}
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Etymological reference to ''chātturharri'' ‘second brother’, indicates friendship.<br />
‘''They'' do not eat '''meat'''.’
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Etymological reference to ''laichāh'', the yellow shadow from the red sun, indicates compliance.<br />
 
<small><sup>3</sup></small> Etymological reference to ''chitir'', the red shadow from the yellow sun, indicates truculence.<br />
===Genitive===
<small><sup>4</sup></small> There is no gender distinction in the third person pronouns, though there is a distinction between animate (“he/she”) and inanimate (“it”).<br />
 
<small><sup>5</sup></small> There is not a single pronoun to represent this idea; instead it is rendered simply as “I and you”.<br />
The genitive particle ''[[Contionary: au#Grayis|au]]'' indicates that the noun belongs to, is a part of, or is related to another noun. The genitive particle can be thought of as equivalent to the English clitic ''’s'', though it has a few different uses as well, such as forming the possessive pronouns (‘my’, ‘her’, ‘their’, |c), or translating the words ‘of’ or ‘from’.
<small><sup>6</sup></small> Metathesis of ''char''+''kālli'', because /rk/ is not a legal intrasyllabic sequence.<br />
<small><sup>7</sup></small> The first person dual inclusive pronoun (“you and I”) is optional; there is not a plural inclusive, and all other first person non-singular roles are assumed by the first person plural, whether inclusive or exclusive.<br />
<small><sup>8</sup></small> “They who are my parents/mentors/teachers.”<br />
<small><sup>9</sup></small> “They who are my children/students.”<br />
<small><sup>10</sup></small> As with the third person singular, there is an animacy distinction in the third person plural (both rendered as ‘they’ in English).


==Phrase Book==
''Īmmikanā ī chāttur '''au''' chā'''’u''' brūk ā jik kamū.''
{|
{|
| [[Contionary: īmmikanā#Grayis|īmmikanā]] [[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]
||[[Contionary: chāttur#Grayis|chāttur]] '''[[Contionary: au#Grayis|au]]'''
||[[Contionary: chā#Grayis|chā]] '''[[Contionary: au#Grayis|au]]'''
||[[Contionary: brūk#Grayis|brūk]] [[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]
||[[Contionary: jik#Grayis|jik]] [[Contionary: kamū#Grayis|kamū]]
|-
| wife <span style="font-variant: small-caps">erg</span>
||brother <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''gen'''</span>
||1sg <span style="font-variant: small-caps">'''gen'''</span>
||stone <span style="font-variant: small-caps">acc</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">pst.pft</span> take
|-
|-
| '''What is your name?''' || ''Turuh kitú julkāt?'' || [tu'ruh ki'tu ʤul'kaːt]
| wife
<!--
||'''of'''-brother
||'''of'''-me
||stone
||took
|}
‘'''My''' brother'''’s''' wife took the stone.’
 
===Dative===


The dative particle ''[[Contionary: ai#Grayis|ai]]'' indicates that the noun is an indirect object of some kind. The dative case is a bit ambiguous in most languages, and can often be replaced by various prepositions (such as ‘to’, ‘for’, or ‘towards’).
''Yun ī brūk ā yaunīllah '''ai''' gaillāk.''
{|
| [[Contionary: yun#Grayis|yun]] [[Contionary: ī#Grayis|ī]]
||[[Contionary: brūk#Grayis|brūk]] [[Contionary: ā#Grayis|ā]]
||[[Contionary: yaunīllah#Grayis|yaunīllah]] '''[[Contionary: ai#Grayis|ai]]'''
||[[Contionary: gaillāk#Grayis|gaillāk]]
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps">3sg erg</span>
||stone <span style="font-variant: small-caps">acc</span>
||<span style="font-variant: small-caps">3pl.child '''dat'''</span>
||give
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| She
||stone
||'''to'''-them
||gives
|}
‘She gives the stone '''to''' them (her children).’


-->
===Oblique===
 
Finally, the oblique case (also called the prepositional case) is used when a noun is preceded by a preposition, or is otherwise not followed by any of the above adpositions.
 
'''''Nu''' iruntutim.''
{|
| '''[[Contionary: nu#Grayis|nu]]'''
||[[Contionary: iruntutim#Grayis|iruntutim]]
|-
| '''with'''
||cold
|}
|}
‘It (the weather) is very cold.’
==Names==
Grayis personal given names are usually composed of two words which often describe parents’ hopes or aspirations for their child. This may be one or two nouns, a noun and an adjective, or a noun and a verb. Most names are composed of four syllables, though this is not a rule, and it is sometimes considered prestigious to have a name composed of mainly long syllables. While there are many common names and themes, there are not a set of standardized names.
'''Noun (+ Noun)'''
*[[Contionary: tiradūntāt#Grayis|Tiradūntāt]] ‘forest’
*[[Contionary: gakwai#Grayis|Gakwai]] [[Contionary: ailā#Grayis|Ailā]] ‘moon cloud’ > Gakwailā
*[[Contionary: gribinta#Grayis|Gribinta]] [[Contionary: dunidj#Grayis|Dunidj]] ‘grass wind’
'''Noun + Adjective'''
*[[Contionary: tānū#Grayis|Tānū]] [[Contionary: mūri#Grayis|Mūri]] ‘good tree’
*[[Contionary: jagī#Grayis|Jagī]] [[Contionary: ribun#Grayis|Ribun]] ‘first son’
'''Noun + Verb'''
*[[Contionary: tānū#Grayis|Tānū]] [[Contionary: āmīd#Grayis|Āmīd]] ‘standing tree’
*[[Contionary: rābāk#Grayis|Rābāk]] [[Contionary: pūkkīch#Grayis|Pūkkīch]] ‘sacred mountain’s bones’
There are also many ways to form surnames, which follow the given name, and often refer to a family or a geographic area of origin, though many are single nouns related to nature.


==Swadesh List==  
==Vocabulary==
The full corpus of the Grayis lexicon can be found on '''[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Contionary Contionary]''': '''[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Grayis_words Grayis Words on Contionary]'''
===Swadesh List===
''For those of you who like this sort of thing!''  
''For those of you who like this sort of thing!''  
{| {{Table/bluetable}}  
{| {{Table/bluetable}}  
|-  
|-  
! &nbsp; !! Grayis !! English !! &nbsp; !! Grayis !! English !! &nbsp; !! Grayis !! English  
! |nbsp; !! Grayis !! English !! |nbsp; !! Grayis !! English !! |nbsp; !! Grayis !! English  
|-  
|-  
| 001 || chal || I || 070 || tidīntipi || feather || 139 || raichillā || to count
| 001 || [[Contionary: chal#Grayis|chal]] || I  
|| 070 || [[Contionary: tidīntipi#Grayis|tidīntipi]] || feather  
|| 139 || [[Contionary: raichillā#Grayis|raichillā]] || to count
|-  
|-  
| 002 || kit || you || 071 || tunu || hair (on head) || 140 || dimi || to say
| 002 || [[Contionary: kit#Grayis|kit]] || you  
|-  
|| 071 || [[Contionary: tunu#Grayis|tunu]] || hair (on head)  
| 003 || yun, wih || he, she, it || 072 || upam || head (anatomy) || 141 || tūranā || to sing
|| 140 || [[Contionary: dimi#Grayis|dimi]] || to say
|-  
|-
| 004 || jāla, kichal || we || 073 || grigi || ear || 142 || ayattan || to play
| 003 || [[Contionary: yun#Grayis|yun]], [[Contionary: wih#Grayis|wih]] || he, she, it  
|-  
|| 072 || [[Contionary: upam#Grayis|upam]] || head (anatomy)  
| 005 || gīs || you || 074 || ruyu || eye || 143 || achar || to float
|| 141 || [[Contionary: tūranā#Grayis|tūranā]] || to sing
|-  
|-
| 006 || waih, yaum || they || 075 || unna || nose || 144 || tratūm || to flow
| 004 || [[Contionary: jāla#Grayis|jāla]], [[Contionary: kichal#Grayis|kichal]] || we  
|-  
|| 073 || [[Contionary: grigi#Grayis|grigi]] || ear  
| 007 || itta || this || 076 || chabah || mouth || 145 || aitu || to freeze
|| 142 || [[Contionary: ayattan#Grayis|ayattan]] || to play
|-  
|-
| 008 || utta || that || 077 || rakkas || tooth || 146 || arib || to swell
| 005 || [[Contionary: gīs#Grayis|gīs]] || you  
|-  
|| 074 || [[Contionary: ruyu#Grayis|ruyu]] || eye  
| 009 || iddu || here || 078 || mannī || tongue || 147 || krīmuttād, lūpupaus || sun
|| 143 || [[Contionary: achar#Grayis|achar]] || to float
|-  
|-
| 010 || uddu || there || 079 || ūgīttī || fingernail || 148 || ailā || moon
| 006 || [[Contionary: yaum#Grayis|yaum]], [[Contionary: waih#Grayis|waih]] || they  
|-  
|| 075 || [[Contionary: unna#Grayis|unna]] || nose  
| 011 || julkās || who || 080 || tugi || foot || 149 || ikī || star
|| 144 || [[Contionary: tratūm|tratūm]] || to flow
|-  
|-
| 012 || julkāt || what || 081 || wuch || leg || 150 || wīch || water
| 007 || [[Contionary: itta#Grayis|itta]] || this  
|-  
|| 076 || [[Contionary: chabah#Grayis|chabah]] || mouth  
| 013 || julkād || where || 082 || īju || knee || 151 || chukutta || rain
|| 145 || [[Contionary: aitu#Grayis|aitu]] || to freeze
|-  
|-
| 014 || julkīn || when || 083 || tāga || hand || 152 || plīnum || river
| 008 || [[Contionary: utta#Grayis|utta]] || that  
|-  
|| 077 || [[Contionary: rakkas#Grayis|rakkas]] || tooth  
| 015 || julkīl || how || 084 || krillu || wing || 153 || ūkkai || lake
|| 146 || [[Contionary: arib#Grayis|arib]] || to swell
|-  
|-
| 016 || jai || not || 085 || rudduk || belly, abdomen || 154 || chamai || sea
| 009 || [[Contionary: iddu#Grayis|iddu]] || here  
|-  
|| 078 || [[Contionary: mannī#Grayis|mannī]] || tongue  
| 017 || nakī || all || 086 || īmus || guts, entrails, intestines || 155 || tauki || salt
|| 147 || [[Contionary: krīmuttād#Grayis|krīmuttād]], [[Contionary: lūpupaus#Grayis|lūpupaus]] || sun
|-  
|-
| 018 || mikidj || many || 087 || ūta || neck || 156 || brūk || stone
| 010 || [[Contionary: uddu#Grayis|uddu]] || there  
|-  
|| 079 || [[Contionary: ūgitta#Grayis|ūgitta]] || fingernail  
| 019 || limā || some || 088 || chīlāk || back || 157 || ikak || sand
|| 148 || [[Contionary: ailā#Grayis|ailā]] || moon
|-  
|-
| 020 || munnu || few || 089 || durudj || breast || 158 || mauddulā || dust
| 011 || [[Contionary: julkās#Grayis|julkās]] || who  
|-  
|| 080 || [[Contionary: tugi#Grayis|tugi]] || foot  
| 021 || iyūr || other || 090 || trāchai || heart || 159 || runar || earth, soil, dirt
|| 149 || [[Contionary: ikī#Grayis|ikī]] || star
|-  
|-
| 022 || rī || one || 091 || willunān || liver || 160 || gakwai || cloud
| 012 || [[Contionary: julkāt#Grayis|julkāt]] || what
|-  
|| 081 || [[Contionary: wuch#Grayis|wuch]] || leg
| 023 || ai || two || 092 || tudī || to drink || 161 || trāki || fog, mist
|| 150 || [[Contionary: wīch#Grayis|wīch]] || water
|-  
|-
| 024 || chil || three || 093 || idwam || to eat || 162 || iyatur || sky
| 013 || [[Contionary: julkād#Grayis|julkād]] || where
|-  
|| 082 || [[Contionary: īju#Grayis|īju]] || knee
| 025 || chirri || four || 094 || kanna || to bite || 163 || gribinta || wind
|| 151 || [[Contionary: chukutta#Grayis|chukutta]] || rain
|-  
|-
| 026 || kilai || five || 095 || drūbat || to suck || 164 || innirri || snow
| 014 || [[Contionary: julkīn#Grayis|julkīn]] || when
|-  
|| 083 || [[Contionary: tāga#Grayis|tāga]] || hand
| 027 || mīkkidj || big, large || 096 || aikīch || to spit || 165 || khihchis || ice
|| 152 || [[Contionary: plīnum#Grayis|plīnum]] || river
|-  
|-
| 028 || luklai || long || 097 || #N/A || #N/A || 166 || īrra || smoke (not steam)
| 015 || [[Contionary: julkīl#Grayis|julkīl]] || how
|-  
|| 084 || [[Contionary: krillu#Grayis|krillu]] || wing
| 029 || tākkum || wide, broad || 098 || wahyāh || blow || 167 || pakwā || fire
|| 153 || [[Contionary: ūkkai#Grayis|ūkkai]] || lake
|-  
|-
| 030 || ruchi || thick || 099 || ahman || to breathe || 168 || mūnak || ash, ashes
| 016 || [[Contionary: jai#Grayis|jai]] || not
|-  
|| 085 || [[Contionary: rudduk#Grayis|rudduk]] || belly, abdomen
| 031 || tattūmu || heavy || 100 || khalāh || to laugh || 169 || pakku || burn
|| 154 || [[Contionary: chamai#Grayis|chamai]] || sea
|-  
|-
| 032 || ina || small, little || 101 || ijun || to see || 170 || radal || path, road, trail
| 017 || [[Contionary: nakī#Grayis|nakī]] || all
|-  
|| 086 || [[Contionary: īmus#Grayis|īmus]] || guts, entrails, intestines
| 033 || īnaik || short || 102 || ihka || to hear || 171 || maunis || mountain
|| 155 || [[Contionary: tauki#Grayis|tauki]] || salt
|-  
|-
| 034 || bīru || narrow || 103 || nibahkai || to know || 172 || khūn || red  
| 018 || [[Contionary: mikidj#Grayis|mikidj]] || many
|-  
|| 087 || [[Contionary: ūta#Grayis|ūta]] || neck
| 035 || mīrrichi || thin || 104 || arūn || to think || 173 || ruchī || green  
|| 156 || [[Contionary: brūk#Grayis|brūk]] || stone
|-  
|-
| 036 || kanā || woman || 105 || naram || to smell || 174 || grāla || yellow  
| 019 || [[Contionary: limā#Grayis|limā]] || some
|-  
|| 088 || [[Contionary: chīlāk#Grayis|chīlāk]] || back
| 037 || raiwai || man (adult male) || 106 || akkai || to fear || 175 || yilūr || white  
|| 157 || [[Contionary: ikak#Grayis|ikak]] || sand
|-  
|-
| 038 || lān || person || 107 || jīttā || to sleep || 176 || iyūb || black  
| 020 || [[Contionary: munnu#Grayis|munnu]] || few
|-  
|| 089 || [[Contionary: durudj#Grayis|durudj]] || breast
| 039 || mikit || child || 108 || akūra || to live || 177 || līna || night
|| 158 || [[Contionary: mauddulā#Grayis|mauddulā]] || dust
|-  
|-
| 040 || īmmikanā || wife || 109 || igī || to die || 178 || gintā || day
| 021 || [[Contionary: iyūr#Grayis|iyūr]] || other
|-  
|| 090 || [[Contionary: trāchai#Grayis|trāchai]] || heart
| 041 || īmmiraiwai || husband || 110 || ichak || to kill || 179 || jannik || year
|| 159 || [[Contionary: runar#Grayis|runar]] || earth, soil, dirt
|-  
|-
| 042 || ummā || mother || 111 || pikat || to fight || 180 || trabākutim || hot (of weather)
| 022 || [[Contionary: rī#Grayis|rī]] || one
|-  
|| 091 || [[Contionary: willunān#Grayis|willunān]] || liver
| 043 || tuma || father || 112 || hantijus || to hunt || 181 || iruntutim || cold
|| 160 || [[Contionary: gakwai#Grayis|gakwai]] || cloud
|-  
|-
| 044 || mīka || animal || 113 || igach || to hit || 182 || tanū || full
| 023 || [[Contionary: ai#Grayis|ai]] || two
|-  
|| 092 || [[Contionary: tudī#Grayis|tudī]] || to drink
| 045 || plati || fish || 114 || chappa || to cut || 183 || chupi || new
|| 161 || [[Contionary: trāki#Grayis|trāki]] || fog, mist
|-  
|-
| 046 || ugīttī || bird || 115 || chappai || to split || 184 || trayi || old
| 024 || [[Contionary: chil#Grayis|chil]] || three
|-  
|| 093 || [[Contionary: idwam#Grayis|idwam]] || to eat
| 047 || murāgi || dog || 116 || tahkah || to stab, to pierce || 185 || mūri || good
|| 162 || [[Contionary: iyatur#Grayis|iyatur]] || sky
|-  
|-
| 048 || īh || louse || 117 || kitlig || to scratch || 186 || kaita || bad
| 025 || [[Contionary: chirri#Grayis|chirri]] || four
|-  
|| 094 || [[Contionary: kanna#Grayis|kanna]] || to bite
| 049 || katas || snake || 118 || tantaichīyun || to dig || 187 || ipis || rotten
|| 163 || [[Contionary: gribinta#Grayis|gribinta]] || wind
|-  
|-
| 050 || grawukkai || worm || 119 || itān || to swim || 188 || khaukku || dirty
| 026 || [[Contionary: kilai#Grayis|kilai]] || five
|-  
|| 095 || [[Contionary: drūbat#Grayis|drūbat]] || to suck
| 051 || tānū || tree || 120 || puyat || to fly || 189 || wāchīn || straight
|| 164 || [[Contionary: innirri#Grayis|innirri]] || snow
|-  
|-
| 052 || tiradūntāt || forest, woods || 121 || trala || to walk || 190 || ūyu || round
| 027 || [[Contionary: mīkkidj#Grayis|mīkkidj]] || big, large
|-  
|| 096 || [[Contionary: aikīch#Grayis|aikīch]] || to spit
| 053 || griyuch || stick || 122 || tānu || come || 191 || traigu || sharp (of a knife)
|| 165 || [[Contionary: khihchis#Grayis|khihchis]] || ice
|-  
|-
| 054 || rūna || fruit || 123 || dārai || to lie || 192 || mudub || dull (of a knife)
| 028 || [[Contionary: luklai#Grayis|luklai]] || long
|-  
|| 097 || [[Contionary: rinah#Grayis|rinah]]|| to vomit
| 055 || īrit || seed || 124 || sittan || to sit || 193 || ās || smooth
|| 166 || [[Contionary: īrra#Grayis|īrra]]|| smoke (not steam)
|-  
|-
| 056 || kadūn || leaf || 125 || āmīd || to stand || 194 || ichīs || wet
| 029 || [[Contionary: tākkum#Grayis|tākkum]] || wide, broad
|-  
|| 098 || [[Contionary: wahyāh#Grayis|wahyāh]] || blow
| 057 || bāru || root || 126 || duru || to turn || 195 || krās || dry
|| 167 || [[Contionary: pakwā#Grayis|pakwā]] || fire
|-  
|-
| 058 || rīkkud || bark (of tree) || 127 || akīt || to fall || 196 || braidim || correct, right
| 030 || [[Contionary: ruchi#Grayis|ruchi]] || thick
|-  
|| 099 || [[Contionary: ahman#Grayis|ahman]] || to breathe
| 059 || tina || flower || 128 || gaillāk || to give || 197 || pichit || near
|| 168 || [[Contionary: mūnak#Grayis|mūnak]] || ash, ashes
|-  
|-
| 060 || dunidj || grass || 129 || grauntā || to hold || 198 || nunta || far
| 031 || [[Contionary: tattūmu#Grayis|tattūmu]] || heavy
|-  
|| 100 || [[Contionary: khalāh#Grayis|khalāh]] || to laugh
| 061 || īkaittā || rope || 130 || būjih || to squeeze || 199 || dijaiwi || right, right-hand
|| 169 || [[Contionary: pakku#Grayis|pakku]] || burn
|-  
|-
| 062 || grinin || skin || 131 || brijar || to rub || 200 || kurauwi || left, left-hand
| 032 || [[Contionary: ina#Grayis|ina]] || small, little
|-  
|| 101 || [[Contionary: ijun#Grayis|ijun]] || to see
| 063 || juchī || flesh, meat || 132 || ganauri || to wash || 201 || uk || at
|| 170 || [[Contionary: radal#Grayis|radal]] || path, road, trail
|-  
|-
| 064 || khūlunna || blood || 133 || maunti || to wipe || 202 || ji || in
| 033 || [[Contionary: īnaik#Grayis|īnaik]] || short
|-  
|| 102 || [[Contionary: ihka#Grayis|ihka]] || to hear
| 065 || pūkkīch || bone || 134 || attis || to pull || 203 || nu || with
|| 171 || [[Contionary: maunis#Grayis|maunis]] || mountain
|-  
|-
| 066 || tuya || grease, fat || 135 || akkā || to push || 204 || ha, ku || and
| 034 || [[Contionary: bīru#Grayis|bīru]] || narrow
|-  
|| 103 || [[Contionary: nibahkai#Grayis|nibahkai]] || to know
| 067 || addi || egg || 136 || wiyīr || to throw || 205 || lā || if
|| 172 || [[Contionary: khūn#Grayis|khūn]] || red  
|-  
|-
| 068 || kurunat || horn || 137 || dalūh || to tie, bind || 206 || udj || because
| 035 || [[Contionary: mīrrichi#Grayis|mīrrichi]] || thin
|-  
|| 104 || [[Contionary: arūn#Grayis|arūn]] || to think
| 069 || tikkilai || tail || 138 || gribbun || to sew || 207 || turuh || name
|| 173 || [[Contionary: ruchī#Grayis|ruchī]] || green  
|-
| 036 || [[Contionary: kanā#Grayis|kanā]] || woman
|| 105 || [[Contionary: naram#Grayis|naram]] || to smell
|| 174 || [[Contionary: grāla#Grayis|grāla]] || yellow  
|-
| 037 || [[Contionary: raiwai#Grayis|raiwai]] || man (adult male)
|| 106 || [[Contionary: akkai#Grayis|akkai]] || to fear
|| 175 || [[Contionary: yilūr#Grayis|yilūr]] || white  
|-
| 038 || [[Contionary: lān#Grayis|lān]] || person
|| 107 || [[Contionary: jīttā#Grayis|jīttā]] || to sleep
|| 176 || [[Contionary: iyūb#Grayis|iyūb]] || black  
|-
| 039 || [[Contionary: mikit#Grayis|mikit]] || child
|| 108 || [[Contionary: akūra#Grayis|akūra]] || to live
|| 177 || [[Contionary: līna#Grayis|līna]] || night
|-
| 040 || [[Contionary: īmmikanā#Grayis|īmmikanā]] || wife
|| 109 || [[Contionary: igī#Grayis|igī]] || to die
|| 178 || [[Contionary: gintā#Grayis|gintā]] || day
|-
| 041 || [[Contionary: īmmiraiwai#Grayis|īmmiraiwai]] || husband
|| 110 || [[Contionary: ichak#Grayis|ichak]] || to kill
|| 179 || [[Contionary: jannik#Grayis|jannik]] || year
|-
| 042 || [[Contionary: ummā#Grayis|ummā]] || mother
|| 111 || [[Contionary: pikat#Grayis|pikat]] || to fight
|| 180 || [[Contionary: trabākutim#Grayis|trabākutim]] || hot (of weather)
|-
| 043 || [[Contionary: tuma#Grayis|tuma]] || father  
|| 112 || [[Contionary: hantijus#Grayis|hantijus]] || to hunt  
|| 181 || [[Contionary: iruntutim#Grayis|iruntutim]] || cold
|-
| 044 || [[Contionary: mīka#Grayis|mīka]] || animal  
|| 113 || [[Contionary: igach#Grayis|igach]] || to hit  
|| 182 || [[Contionary: tanū#Grayis|tanū]] || full
|-
| 045 || [[Contionary: plati#Grayis|plati]] || fish  
|| 114 || [[Contionary: chappa#Grayis|chappa]] || to cut  
|| 183 || [[Contionary: chupi#Grayis|chupi]] || new
|-
| 046 || [[Contionary: ugīttī#Grayis|ugīttī]] || bird  
|| 115 || [[Contionary: chappai#Grayis|chappai]] || to split  
|| 184 || [[Contionary: trayi#Grayis|trayi]] || old
|-
| 047 || [[Contionary: murāgi#Grayis|murāgi]] || dog  
|| 116 || [[Contionary: tahkah#Grayis|tahkah]] || to stab, to pierce  
|| 185 || [[Contionary: mūri#Grayis|mūri]] || good
|-
| 048 || [[Contionary: īh#Grayis|īh]] || louse  
|| 117 || [[Contionary: kitlih#Grayis|kitlih]] || to scratch  
|| 186 || [[Contionary: kaita#Grayis|kaita]] || bad
|-
| 049 || [[Contionary: katas#Grayis|katas]] || snake  
|| 118 || [[Contionary: tantaichīyun#Grayis|tantaichīyun]] || to dig  
|| 187 || [[Contionary: ipis#Grayis|ipis]] || rotten
|-
| 050 || [[Contionary: grawukkai#Grayis|grawukkai]] || worm  
|| 119 || [[Contionary: itān#Grayis|itān]] || to swim  
|| 188 || [[Contionary: khaukku#Grayis|khaukku]] || dirty
|-
| 051 || [[Contionary: tānū#Grayis|tānū]] || tree  
|| 120 || [[Contionary: puyat#Grayis|puyat]] || to fly  
|| 189 || [[Contionary: wāchīn#Grayis|wāchīn]] || straight
|-
| 052 || [[Contionary: tiradūntāt#Grayis|tiradūntāt]] || forest, woods  
|| 121 || [[Contionary: trala#Grayis|trala]] || to walk  
|| 190 || [[Contionary: ūyu#Grayis|ūyu]] || round
|-
| 053 || [[Contionary: griyuch#Grayis|griyuch]] || stick  
|| 122 || [[Contionary: tānu#Grayis|tānu]] || come  
|| 191 || [[Contionary: traigu#Grayis|traigu]] || sharp (of a knife)
|-
| 054 || [[Contionary: rūna#Grayis|rūna]] || fruit  
|| 123 || [[Contionary: dārai#Grayis|dārai]] || to lie  
|| 192 || [[Contionary: mudub#Grayis|mudub]] || dull (of a knife)
|-
| 055 || [[Contionary: īrit#Grayis|īrit]] || seed  
|| 124 || [[Contionary: chittan#Grayis|chittan]] || to sit  
|| 193 || [[Contionary: ās#Grayis|ās]] || smooth
|-
| 056 || [[Contionary: kadūn#Grayis|kadūn]] || leaf  
|| 125 || [[Contionary: āmīd#Grayis|āmīd]] || to stand  
|| 194 || [[Contionary: ichīs#Grayis|ichīs]] || wet
|-
| 057 || [[Contionary: bāru#Grayis|bāru]] || root  
|| 126 || [[Contionary: duru#Grayis|duru]] || to turn  
|| 195 || [[Contionary: krās#Grayis|krās]] || dry
|-
| 058 || [[Contionary: rīkkud#Grayis|rīkkud]] || bark (of tree)  
|| 127 || [[Contionary: akīt#Grayis|akīt]] || to fall  
|| 196 || [[Contionary: braidim#Grayis|braidim]] || correct, right
|-
| 059 || [[Contionary: tina#Grayis|tina]] || flower  
|| 128 || [[Contionary: gaillāk#Grayis|gaillāk]] || to give  
|| 197 || [[Contionary: pichit#Grayis|pichit]] || near
|-
| 060 || [[Contionary: dunidj#Grayis|dunidj]] || grass  
|| 129 || [[Contionary: grauntā#Grayis|grauntā]] || to hold  
|| 198 || [[Contionary: nunta#Grayis|nunta]] || far
|-
| 061 || [[Contionary: īkaittā#Grayis|īkaittā]] || rope  
|| 130 || [[Contionary: būjih#Grayis|būjih]] || to squeeze  
|| 199 || [[Contionary: dijaiwi#Grayis|dijaiwi]] || right, right-hand
|-
| 062 || [[Contionary: grinin#Grayis|grinin]] || skin  
|| 131 || [[Contionary: brijar#Grayis|brijar]] || to rub  
|| 200 || [[Contionary: kurauwi#Grayis|kurauwi]] || left, left-hand
|-
| 063 || [[Contionary: juchī#Grayis|juchī]] || flesh, meat  
|| 132 || [[Contionary: ganauri#Grayis|ganauri]] || to wash  
|| 201 || [[Contionary: uk#Grayis|uk]] || at
|-
| 064 || [[Contionary: khūlunna#Grayis|khūlunna]] || blood  
|| 133 || [[Contionary: maunti#Grayis|maunti]] || to wipe  
|| 202 || [[Contionary: ji#Grayis|ji]] || in
|-
| 065 || [[Contionary: pūkkīch#Grayis|pūkkīch]] || bone  
|| 134 || [[Contionary: attis#Grayis|attis]] || to pull  
|| 203 || [[Contionary: nu#Grayis|nu]] || with
|-
| 066 || [[Contionary: tuya#Grayis|tuya]] || grease, fat  
|| 135 || [[Contionary: akkā#Grayis|akkā]] || to push  
|| 204 || [[Contionary: ha#Grayis|ha]], [[Contionary: ku#Grayis|ku]] || and
|-
| 067 || [[Contionary: addi#Grayis|addi]] || egg  
|| 136 || [[Contionary: wiyīr#Grayis|wiyīr]] || to throw  
|| 205 || [[Contionary: lā#Grayis|lā]] || if
|-
| 068 || [[Contionary: kurunat#Grayis|kurunat]] || horn  
|| 137 || [[Contionary: dalūh#Grayis|dalūh]] || to tie, bind  
|| 206 || [[Contionary: udj#Grayis|udj]] || because
|-
| 069 || [[Contionary: tikkilai#Grayis|tikkilai]] || tail  
|| 138 || [[Contionary: gribbun#Grayis|gribbun]] || to sew  
|| 207 || [[Contionary: turuh#Grayis|turuh]] || name
|}
|}
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