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Habyela: Difference between revisions
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====Vowel Allophony==== | ====Vowel Allophony==== | ||
The situation here is very similar to neighbouring languages such as [[North-East_Antarctican|North-East Antarctican]]. Even though there is no phonemic contrast between front and back vowels, this does not mean that sounds such as [i], [u] and [e] are absent from the language. Front and back vowels occur as allophones of their corresponding central vowels | The situation here is very similar to neighbouring languages such as [[North-East_Antarctican|North-East Antarctican]]. Even though there is no phonemic contrast between front and back vowels, this does not mean that sounds such as [i], [u] and [e] are absent from the language. Front and back vowels occur as allophones of their corresponding central vowels. | ||
There is no difference between how consonants influence the preceding vowel and the following vowel. So if /ɨ/ is between /j/ and /w/, in both cases it will be pronounced /y/, no matter whether the sequence is /jɨw/ or /wɨj/. | There is no difference between how consonants influence the preceding vowel and the following vowel. So if /ɨ/ is between /j/ and /w/, in both cases it will be pronounced /y/, no matter whether the sequence is /jɨw/ or /wɨj/. | ||
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/qənə̀bə/ - "dog", /qənə̀bəɴ/ - "dogs" (not */qənə̀bəwəɴ/) | /qənə̀bə/ - "dog", /qənə̀bəɴ/ - "dogs" (not */qənə̀bəwəɴ/) | ||
When the plural suffix /-wəɴ/ comes after the second person plural possessive suffix /-ʔaɴʈɨnə/, they fuse to become /-ʔaɴʈɨnəɴ/, (not */-ʔaɴʈɨnəwəɴ/) e.g. | When the plural suffix /-wəɴ/ comes after the second person plural possessive suffix /-ʔaɴʈɨnə/, they fuse to become /-ʔaɴʈɨnəɴ/, (not */-ʔaɴʈɨnəwəɴ/) e.g. | ||
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These are conflated, so will be discussed together. | These are conflated, so will be discussed together. | ||
Habyela verbs do not inflect for tense at all, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important. Marking of telicity is conflated with subject person / number agreement. Telic verbs take suffixes, and atelic vebs take either prefixes or circumfixes (depending on the person). There is also an irrealis mood that is used for suggestions, commands | Habyela verbs do not inflect for tense at all, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important. Marking of telicity is conflated with subject person / number agreement. Telic verbs take suffixes, and atelic vebs take either prefixes or circumfixes (depending on the person). There is also an irrealis mood that is used for suggestions, commands, hypothetical situations, and whenever a verb is negated. In the irrealis mood, telicity is not marked, and some forms are identical to the atelic forms. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | | 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Switch Reference=== | ===Switch Reference=== | ||
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dog-ERG man.PL RESTR.REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.SUBJ | dog-ERG man.PL RESTR.REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.SUBJ | ||
"The dog that bit the | "The dog that bit the men" | ||
The verbal prefix /wə-/ marks a restrictive relative clause, where the head noun is either human plural or nonhuman. The enclitic /ɟʷə/ indicates that the head noun is the subject of the verb. | The verbal prefix /wə-/ marks a restrictive relative clause, where the head noun is either human plural or nonhuman. The enclitic /ɟʷə/ indicates that the head noun is the subject of the verb. | ||
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"The bone that the men gave to the dog." | "The bone that the men gave to the dog." | ||
When the head noun is a genitive possessor (alienable or inalienable), the clitic /ɟɨɲa/ is used e.g. | |||
/ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ-qa qənə̀baɴʈa-qa ʔasətɨ̀ ʎə̀-ʔaɴɖà-wɨ=ɟɨɲa/ | |||
man.PL-GEN dog.3PS.PL.POSS-ERG bone RESTR.REL.HUMAN.SG-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.GEN | |||
"The men whose dog bit the bone" | |||
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1st person singular: /ʔàɕə/ | 1st person singular: /ʔàɕə/ | ||
1st person plural :/ʔàsaɴʈɨnə/ | 1st person plural :/ʔàsaɴʈɨnə/ | ||
2nd person: /ʔàsʷə/ | 2nd person: /ʔàsʷə/ | ||
3rd person male singular /ʔàsʷɨ/ | 3rd person male singular /ʔàsʷɨ/ | ||
3rd person female singular /ʔàsʷa/ | 3rd person female singular /ʔàsʷa/ | ||
3rd person plural / nonhuman /ʔàsaɴʈa/ | 3rd person plural / nonhuman /ʔàsaɴʈa/ | ||
==Relational Nouns== | |||
Habyela does not have prepositions or postpositions. Rather it uses nouns for bodyparts to indicate location. English does this with the phrase "the foot of the mountain" (to mean below the mountain), but Habyela does this across the entire language. For example, to say "in ...", a Habyela speaker would say "...'s belly" e.g. | |||
/paɲɨ pʲəʈaɴʈa paʔà-qʷɨ/ | |||
water belly.3PS.NONHUM.POSS fall-1PS.SG.TEL | |||
"I fell in the water" (literally "I fell water's belly") | |||
These are possessive phrases, as is evident from the fact that possessive suffixes are used. Also, when they are relativised, the clitic /ɟɨɲa/ is used (which is normally used when English would use "... whose ....") e.g. | |||
/paɲɨ pʲəʈaɴʈa wə-paʔà-qʷɨ=ɟɨɲa/ | |||
water belly.3PS.NONHUM.POSS RESTR.REL.3PS.NONHUM-fall-1PS.SG.TEL | |||
"The water that I fell in". | |||
To say "on ...", Habyela speakers would say "...'s back" e.g. | |||
/saʔə̀ pʲatɕaɴʈa paʔà-qʷɨ/ | |||
grass back.3PS.NONHUM.POSS fall-1PS.SG.TEL | |||
I fell on the grass | |||
===Comparative Constructions=== | |||
/pʲatɕə/ - "back" can also take a possessive suffix to mean "more than ..." e.g. | |||
/qənə̀bəɴ-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ pʲatɕaɴʈa ɫə̀-nama-wɨ/ | |||
dog.PL-ERG men.PL back.3PS.PL.POSS ATEL-sleep-3PS.NONHUMAN | |||
Dogs sleep more than men do. | |||
==Demonstratives== | |||
Habyela's demonstrative system is very much like English. There is a two-way distance contrast, and no contrast between pronominal and adnominal demonstratives. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Near || jɨsə || jɨnə | |||
|- | |||
| Far || wɨsə || wɨnə | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Habyela sentences are strictly verb final. SOV is much more common than OSV. Noun phrases have the word order [Demonstrative] [Number] [Adjective] Noun. | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
Adverbs are formed by reduplicating the last syllable of a bare root e.g. | |||
dəməqə̀ - loud | |||
dəməqə̀qə - loudly | |||
In a sentence, adverbs come immediately before the verb e.g. | |||
qənə̀bə dəməqə̀~qə ɫə̀-pənʷa-wɨ | |||
dog loud~ADV 3PS.NONHUMAN.ATEL-bark | |||
The dog barked loudly. | |||
==Copula== | |||
To combine two nouns A and B to make a sentence meaning "A is B", Habyela would say /A B-ça/ (if the subject is singular) and /A B-çaɴ/ (if the subject is plural). No matter whether or not A is singular or plural, the singular form of B is always used. For example: | |||
jɨsə banàw-ça | |||
this beach-COP.SG | |||
This is the/a beach | |||
jɨnə banàw-çaɴ | |||
these beach-COP.PL | |||
These are (the) beaches. | |||
Note that -ça(ɴ) is the suffix for a predicate adjective e.g. | |||
/ʔàtə qanʷə̀-ça/ | |||
night black-COP | |||
The night is black. | |||
-ça(ɴ) can also attach to a relational noun, to express location. Like English, Habyela conflates nominal and locational predication e.g. | |||
/qənə̀bə paɲɨ pʲəʈaɴʈa-ça/ | |||
dog water belly.3PS.NONHUM.POSS-COP.SG | |||
The dog is in the water. | |||
==Predicative Possession== | |||
Habyela has no verb corresponding to English "have". Where English speakers would say "A has B", Habyela speakers simply say "B is on A" (even if B is not technically "on" the object, Habyela speakers still use this construction) e.g. | |||
/qənə̀bə ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ pʲatɕaɴʈa-ça/ | |||
dog man.PL back.3PS.PL.POSS-COP.SG | |||
The men have a dog (literally "a dog is on the men") | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Afroasiatic languages]] | |||
[[Category:Habyela]] | |||