Hara: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan="2"| Labial | ! rowspan="2"| Labial | ||
! rowspan="2"| Coronal | ! rowspan="2"| Coronal | ||
! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ! rowspan | ||
! rowspan="2"| Palatal | |||
! colspan="2"| Velar | ! colspan="2"| Velar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ||
| Line 164: | Line 165: | ||
! Labial | ! Labial | ||
! Dental | ! Dental | ||
! | ! Alveolar | ||
! | ! Retroflex/ <br /> Postalveolar | ||
! Palatal | |||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
! Labiovelar | |||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ||
| m | | m | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| n ~ ɳ² | ||
| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
| ŋʷ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 180: | Line 184: | ||
| p | | p | ||
| colspan="2"| t | | colspan="2"| t | ||
| tʃ | | ʈ | ||
| c ~ tʃ | |||
| k | | k | ||
| kʷ | |||
| ʔ | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 196: | Line 202: | ||
| b | | b | ||
| colspan="2"| d | | colspan="2"| d | ||
| dʒ | | ɖ | ||
| ɟ ~ dʒ | |||
| ɡ | | ɡ | ||
| | | ɡʷ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! implosive | ! implosive | ||
| ɓ | | ɓ | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| ɗ | ||
| ʄ | | ʄ | ||
| ɠ | | ɠ | ||
| ɠʷ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| | |||
| (x) | | (x) | ||
| | |||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| β | | rowspan="2"| β | ||
| (ð) | | (ð) | ||
| (z) | | (z) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| (ɣ) | | (ɣ) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ||
| colspan="2"| l | | colspan="2"| l | ||
| rowspan="2"| ɽ ~ ɻ | |||
| j | | j | ||
| ɰ | | ɰ | ||
| w | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| ɾ | | colspan="2"| ɾ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 244: | Line 259: | ||
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops/affricates are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops/affricates occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops/affricates occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ʒ, ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, tʃ, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords. | ¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops/affricates are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops/affricates occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops/affricates occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ʒ, ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, tʃ, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords. | ||
² Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords. | ² /n/ is pronounced [ɳ] before retroflex stops. | ||
³ Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Revision as of 04:47, 1 October 2023
Hara (/hɑɹə/, native: fòhàřàà /ɸòhàɽàː/) is a South Semitic language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex/ Postalveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n ~ ɳ² | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||
| Stop | tenuis | p | t | ʈ | c ~ tʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| voiced¹ | b | d | ɖ | ɟ ~ dʒ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ɠʷ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | (θ) | s | ʃ | (x) | h | ||
| voiced | β | (ð) | (z) | (ɣ) | |||||
| Approximant | l | ɽ ~ ɻ | j | ɰ | w | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Notes:
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops/affricates are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops/affricates occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops/affricates occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ʒ, ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, tʃ, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords.
² /n/ is pronounced [ɳ] before retroflex stops.
³ Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u, uː | |
| Mid | e, eː | o, oː | |
| Low | a, aː |
Diphthongs do not exist in native words.
Nasals can be syllabic.
A long vowel consists of two moras. A syllabic nasal is considered a mora.
Tones
A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.
Tones are usually not indicated in writing. In this article, a low tone is indicated with a grave accent (à).
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Prenasalization
When a prefix ending in a nasal is attached to a word, the following mutations occur:
- Tenuis stop/affricate > voiced
- /N/ + /t, ɾ/ > /nd/
- /N/ + /ɽ, l/ > /ɳɖ/
- /N/ + /p, β/ > /mb/
- /N/ + /k, ɰ/ > /ŋɡ/
- /N/ + /j/ > /ɲ/
- /N/ + /tʃ, ʒ/ > /ndʒ/
- /N/ before vowel, /h/, or /ʔ/ > /ŋ/
- /N/ + /w/ > /ŋʷ/
- /N/ + nasal > geminated nasal
Gemination
In a geminating prefix is attached to a word, the following consonants mutate:
- /ɸ, β/ > /pː/
- /ɾ, h, ʔ/ > /tː/
- /ɽ, l/ > /ʈː/
- /ɰ/ > /kː/
- /j/ > /cː/
- /w/ > /kʷː/
Palatalization
Morphology
Nouns
Declension
Case in nouns is marked by final vowel:
- -u: Nominative
- -a: Accusative
- -i: Genitive
Case endings are dropped after nouns whose stems end in a long vowel.
A few nouns have long case endings.
With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix -aar-, inserted between the stem and case ending.
Noun derivation
Various prefixes and suffixes are used to derive nouns.
Derivational prefixes include:
- fo-: for languages - e.g. fòhàřàà "Hara language"
- sa-: for peoples - e.g. sàhàřàà "Hara people"
- me-: for lands - e.g. mèhàřàà "land of the Hara"