Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈdɮetʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeychnae Xaetjeon'' /ˈpejxne ˈɮetʃʰɑn/) is a Talman language spoken by the Dxaetjfa people. It is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] (descendant of [[Naquian]]) inspired by Praimhín's [[Gussnish]].
Main sources of loanwords:
*[[Tíogall]]
*[[Netagin]]
*[[Bênôcian]]
*[[Nurian]]
*Some from [[Naquian]]
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
|  || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}
;Notes
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
!  style="width: 60px; "|
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /e/
| '''eu''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
|
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}
;Notes
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
===Mutations===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
! Normal
|| p || f || t || th || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || v || d || dh || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
! Lenited
|| f || f || th || th || s || h || q || q || sj || sj || ch || v || v || dh || dh || z || 0 || x || x || zj || zj || gh
|}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
! Normal
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
|-
! Lenited
|| v || n || ng || w || w || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
''-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''''pa'' - person'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Indefinite
!colspan="2"|Definite
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! Nominative
|| ''pa'' || ''pameo'' || ''panae'' || ''paneu''
|-
! Vocative
|| ''fa'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''faneu''
|}
====Possessive pronouns====
The possessive pronouns are: (derived from [[Naquian]] possessive prefixes)
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Possessive pronouns
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''neu '''v'''if''<br/>''neu ow''
|''meu '''v'''if''<br/>''meu ow''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''peu '''v'''if''<br/>''peu ow''
|-
!|2
|''sjeu '''v'''if''<br/>''sjeu ow''
|''tseu '''v'''if''<br/>''tseu ow''
|-
!|3
|''i '''v'''if''<br/>''i ow''
|''i '''m'''if''<br/>''i '''n'''ow''
|-
!|Interr/Indef
|colspan=2|''tae '''v'''if''<br/>''tae ow''
|}
Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. ''i vif fanae'' = 'the man's house' (The ''panae'' lenites since it follows a feminine noun ''mif''.)
===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
:'''''pa seowan'''''
:''a small person''
:'''''mif heowan'''''
:''a small house''
However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' (''-eom'' is used for nouns ending in labials) always lenite the following noun:
:'''''panae heowan'''''
:''the small person''
:'''''mifeom heowan'''''
:''the small houses''
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''teo-L'' = at
*''yae-L'' = to
===Verbs===
The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. However, tense-verbnoun-subject is acceptable as well. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence of verbnoun + adjunct (similarly to the Welsh 'syntactic mutation' and the Modern Standard Arabic 'faulty accusative').
Most verbnouns end in ''-asj'' (cognate to Tíogall verbnouns in ''-ach''), but there are exceptions among common verbs.
*''Lon teo siv'' = 'I'm running' (''siv'' is a lenited form of ''tsiv''.)
*''Lon teo i chaevasj'' = 'I'm protecting it' (lit. "I'm at its protecting")
*''Lon teo i chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house'
*''Lon teo chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house' (colloquial)
Examples of syntactic mutation:
*''Lo teo siv yae vin '''f'''a.'' = 'Tonight, a man is running.'
====Copula====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Present tense
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''lon''
|''lovae''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''lont''
|-
!|2
|''losj''
|''lopeo''
|-
!|3
|''lo''
|''loq''
|}
===Numbers===
Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
===Derivational morphology===
*''-asj'' (f): nominalizer
*''-iy'' (f): abstract noun
==Phrasebook==
*''Lon Dxaetjfa.'' = I am a Dxaetjeon person.
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Naquic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Revision as of 06:04, 8 February 2018

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