Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃən/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeyghnae Aetjeon'' /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''beyghne Etjan'' /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰɑn/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].


Main sources of loanwords:
Main sources of loanwords:
*Thensarian
*Thensarian
*Tigall
*Tíogall
*Nurian
*Nurian
*Kagasa
*Some from Naquian
*Some from Naquian


Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Numbers 1-12: bev, diho, nätj-L, tσov, dzäwa, bel-L, oth, losath, bäs-L, geyo, däv, dädha-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dλ''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tσ''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''λ''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
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! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''eu''' /ɨ/
| '''ũ''' /ɨ/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|  
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
| '''ä''' /æ/
|  
|  
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
|}
|}


;Notes
;Notes
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.


===Mutations===
===Mutations===
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Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.
Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.


''-meo, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
''-ma, -ne, -nũ'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''ba'' - person'''
! colspan="5"| '''''bä'' - person'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|
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|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
|| ''ba'' || ''bameo'' || ''banae'' || ''baneu''
|| ''bä'' || ''bäma'' || ''bänae'' || ''bänũ''
|-
|-
! Vocative  
! Vocative  
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''vanae'' || ''vaneu''
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''väne'' || ''vänũ''
|}
|}


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Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.


:'''''ba seowan'''''
:'''''bä sawän'''''
:''a small person''
:''a small person''


:'''''miv heowan'''''
:'''''miv hawän'''''
:''a small house''
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' always lenite the following noun:
However, the suffixes ''-ne'' and ''-ma'' always lenite the following noun:


:'''''banae heowan'''''
:'''''bäne hawän'''''
:''the small person''
:''the small person''


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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''tja-L'' = and
*''meo-L'' = of
*''ma-L'' = of
*''deo-L'' = at
*''da-L'' = at
*''yae-L'' = to
*''ye-L'' = to


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''neo-L, ni-L''
|''na-L, ni-L''
|''aw-L, mi-L''
|''äw-L, mi-L''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''veo-L, bi-L''
|''va-L, bi-L''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''theo-L, ti-L''
|''tha-L, ti-L''
|''zeo-L, dzi-L''
|''za-L, dzi-L''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|colspan="2"|''weo-L, wi-L''
|colspan="2"|''wa-L, wi-L''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-(eo)n''
|''-(a)n''
|''-waegh''
|''-waegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-(eo)d''
|''-(a)d''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-0, -a, -ae, -o''
|''-0, -ä, -e, -o''
|''-(eo)b''
|''-(a)b''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-(eo)z''
|''-(a)z''
|''-(eo)x''
|''-(a)σ''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-nae''
|''-ne''
|''-wae''
|''-we''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ae''
|''-e''
|''-zo''
|''-zo''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-zae''
|''-ze''
|''-xae''
|''-λe''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''cin''
|''cin''
|''ciwaegh''
|''ciwegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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!|3
!|3
|''ciz''
|''ciz''
|''cix''
|''ciσ''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
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==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*''Lon Xaetjva.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.
*''Lon Λetjvä.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]

Revision as of 15:32, 9 February 2017

Xaetjeon/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮɛtʃɑn/ (Hlou-Shum languages: beyghne Etjan /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰɑn/) is a Naquic language inspired by Praimhín's Rencadian. It is a modern descendant of Naquian.

Main sources of loanwords:

  • Thensarian
  • Tíogall
  • Nurian
  • Some from Naquian

Numbers 1-12: bev, diho, nätj-L, tσov, dzäwa, bel-L, oth, losath, bäs-L, geyo, däv, dädha-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Stop tenuis b /p/ d /t/ dz /ts/ dλ /tɬ/ dj /tʃ/ g /k/
aspirated p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /tsʰ/ tσ /tɬʰ/ tj /tʃʰ/ c /kʰ/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ σ /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
voiced v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ λ /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Approximant l /l/ y /j/ w /w/
Notes
  • In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
  • Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since Hlou-Shum languages has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.

Vowels

Hlou-Shum languages vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /ɪ/ ũ /ɨ/ u /ʊ/
Mid e /ɛ/ o /ɔ/
Open ä /æ/ a /ɑ/
Notes
  • /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].

Mutations

Normal p t ts s tq q tj sj c b d dz z dx x dj zj g
Lenited f th s h q h sj h ch v dh z 0 x 0 zj 0 gh


Normal m n ng w l y
Lenited w n ng w w y

Prosody

Stress

In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.

-ma, -ne, -nũ < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz

bä - person
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative bä bäma bänae bänũ
Vocative - - väne vänũ

Adjectives

Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.

bä sawän
a small person
miv hawän
a small house

However, the suffixes -ne and -ma always lenite the following noun:

bäne hawän
the small person

Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.

Pronouns

Prepositions and conjunctions

  • tja-L = and
  • ma-L = of
  • da-L = at
  • ye-L = to

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex na-L, ni-L äw-L, mi-L
1.in - va-L, bi-L
2 tha-L, ti-L za-L, dzi-L
3 wa-L, wi-L

Tense and subject markers

Present tense subject affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex -(a)n -waegh
1.in - -(a)d
2 -0, -ä, -e, -o -(a)b
3 -(a)z -(a)σ

Past tense subject affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex -ne -we
1.in - -do
2 -e -zo
3 -ze -λe

Future tense auxiliary
Singular Plural
1.ex cin ciwegh
1.in - cid
2 ci cib
3 ciz ciσ


Derivational morphology

  • -azj (f): nominalizer

Phrasebook

  • Lon Λetjvä. = I am a Xaetjeon person.
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