Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''Λetjan'' /ɮetʃʰɑn/; ''beyghne Etjan'' /pejɣne etʃʰɑn/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃən/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeyghnae Aetjeon'' /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].


Main sources of loanwords:
Main sources of loanwords:
*Thensarian
*Thensarian
*Tíogall
*Tigall
*Nurian
*Nurian
*Kagasa
*Some from Naquian
*Some from Naquian


Numbers 1-12: bev, diho, nätj-L, tσov, dzäwa, bel-L, oth, losath, bäs-L, geyo, däv, dädha-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dλ''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tσ''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''λ''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
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;Notes
;Notes
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since {{PAGENAME}} has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ/ is borrowed as /l/.
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since {{PAGENAME}} has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ũ''' /ɨ/
| '''eu''' /ɨ/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
|  
|  
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''ä''' /æ/
| '''a''' /æ/
|  
|  
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}
|}


;Notes
;Notes
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/e, o/ tend to lower to [ɛ, ɔ] when word-final.
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.


===Mutations===
===Mutations===
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|-
|-
! Normal  
! Normal  
|| p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
|| p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
|-
! Lenited  
! Lenited  
|| f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|| f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
|}


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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. However, the stress is quite weak.
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
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Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.
Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.


''-ma, -ne, -nũ'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
''-meo, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''bä'' - person'''
! colspan="5"| '''''ba'' - person'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|
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|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
|| ''bä'' || ''bäma'' || ''bäne'' || ''bänũ''
|| ''ba'' || ''bameo'' || ''banae'' || ''baneu''
|-
|-
! Vocative  
! Vocative  
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''väne'' || ''vänũ''
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''vanae'' || ''vaneu''
|}
|}


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Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.


:'''''bä sawän'''''
:'''''ba seowan'''''
:''a short person''
:''a small person''


:'''''miv hawän'''''
:'''''miv heowan'''''
:''a small house''
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-ne'' and ''-ma'' always lenite the following noun:
However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' always lenite the following noun:


:'''''bäne hawän'''''
:'''''banae heowan'''''
:''the short person''
:''the small person''


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tja-L'' = and
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''ma-L'' = of
*''meo-L'' = of
*''da-L'' = at
*''deo-L'' = at
*''ye-L'' = to
*''yae-L'' = to


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''na-L, ni-L''
|''neo-L, ni-L''
|''äw-L, mi-L''
|''aw-L, mi-L''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''va-L, bi-L''
|''veo-L, bi-L''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''tha-L, ti-L''
|''theo-L, ti-L''
|''za-L, dzi-L''
|''zeo-L, dzi-L''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|colspan="2"|''wa-L, wi-L''
|colspan="2"|''weo-L, wi-L''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-(a)n''
|''-(eo)n''
|''-we''
|''-waegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-(a)d''
|''-(eo)d''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-0, -ä, -e, -o''
|''-0, -a, -ae, -o''
|''-(a)b''
|''-(eo)b''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-(a)z''
|''-(eo)z''
|''-(a)σ''
|''-(eo)x''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ne''
|''-nae''
|''-we''
|''-wae''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-e''
|''-ae''
|''-zo''
|''-zo''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-ze''
|''-zae''
|''-σe''
|''-xae''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''cin''
|''cin''
|''ciwe''
|''ciwaegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
Line 251: Line 252:
!|3
!|3
|''ciz''
|''ciz''
|''ciσ''
|''cix''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''-äsj'' (f): nominalizer
*''-azj'' (f): nominalizer


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*''Lon Λetjvä.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.
*''Lon Xaetjva.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]

Revision as of 01:02, 26 February 2017

Xaetjeon/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮɛtʃən/ (Hlou-Shum languages: baeyghnae Aetjeon /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a Naquic language inspired by Praimhín's Rencadian. It is a modern descendant of Naquian.

Main sources of loanwords:

  • Thensarian
  • Tigall
  • Nurian
  • Kagasa
  • Some from Naquian

Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Stop tenuis b /p/ d /t/ dz /ts/ dx /tɬ/ dj /tʃ/ g /k/
aspirated p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /tsʰ/ tq /tɬʰ/ tj /tʃʰ/ c /kʰ/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ q /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
voiced v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ x /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Approximant l /l/ y /j/ w /w/
Notes
  • In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
  • Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since Hlou-Shum languages has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.

Vowels

Hlou-Shum languages vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /ɪ/ eu /ɨ/ u /ʊ/
Mid ae /ɛ/ o /ɔ/
Open a /æ/ eo /ɑ/
Notes
  • /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
  • /ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.

Mutations

Normal p t ts s tq q tj sj c b d dz z dx x dj zj g
Lenited f th s h q h sj h ch v dh z 0 x 0 zj 0 gh


Normal m n ng w l y
Lenited w n ng w w y

Prosody

Stress

In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.

-meo, -nae, -neu < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz

ba - person
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ba bameo banae baneu
Vocative - - vanae vaneu

Adjectives

Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.

ba seowan
a small person
miv heowan
a small house

However, the suffixes -nae and -meo always lenite the following noun:

banae heowan
the small person

Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.

Pronouns

Prepositions and conjunctions

  • tjeo-L = and
  • meo-L = of
  • deo-L = at
  • yae-L = to

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex neo-L, ni-L aw-L, mi-L
1.in - veo-L, bi-L
2 theo-L, ti-L zeo-L, dzi-L
3 weo-L, wi-L

Tense and subject markers

Present tense subject affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex -(eo)n -waegh
1.in - -(eo)d
2 -0, -a, -ae, -o -(eo)b
3 -(eo)z -(eo)x

Past tense subject affixes
Singular Plural
1.ex -nae -wae
1.in - -do
2 -ae -zo
3 -zae -xae

Future tense auxiliary
Singular Plural
1.ex cin ciwaegh
1.in - cid
2 ci cib
3 ciz cix


Derivational morphology

  • -azj (f): nominalizer

Phrasebook

  • Lon Xaetjva. = I am a Xaetjeon person.
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