Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮɛtʃən/ (Hlou-Shum languages: baeyghnae Aetjeon /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a Naquic language inspired by Praimhín's Rencadian. It is a modern descendant of Naquian.
Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Lateral |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
m /m/ |
n /n/ |
|
|
|
ng /ŋ/ |
|
| Stop/Affricate
|
tenuis
|
b /p/ |
d /t/ |
dz /ts/ |
dx /tɬ/ |
dj /tʃ/ |
g /k/ |
|
| aspirated
|
p /pʰ/ |
t /tʰ/ |
ts /tsʰ/ |
tq /tɬʰ/ |
tj /tʃʰ/ |
c /kʰ/ |
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
f /f/ |
th /θ/ |
s /s/ |
q /ɬ/ |
sj /ʃ/ |
ch /x/ |
h /h/
|
| voiced
|
v /v/ |
dh /ð/ |
z /z/ |
x /ɮ/ |
zj /ʒ/ |
gh /ɣ/ |
|
| Approximant
|
|
|
|
l /l/ |
y /j/ |
w /w/ |
|
- Notes
- In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
- Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since Hlou-Shum languages has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.
Vowels
Hlou-Shum languages vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Close
|
i /ɪ/
|
eu /ɨ/
|
u /ʊ/
|
| Mid
|
ae /ɛ/
|
eo /ə/
|
o /ɔ/
|
| Open
|
|
a /a/
|
|
- Notes
- /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
- /ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
Mutations
| Normal
|
p |
t |
ts |
s |
tq |
q |
tj |
sj |
c |
b |
d |
dz |
z |
dx |
x |
dj |
zj |
g
|
| Lenited
|
f |
th |
s |
h |
q |
h |
sj |
h |
ch |
v |
dh |
z |
0 |
x |
0 |
zj |
0 |
gh
|
| Normal
|
m |
n |
ng |
w |
l |
y
|
| Lenited
|
w |
n |
ng |
w |
w |
y
|
Prosody
Stress
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.
-meo, -nae, -neu < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz
| ba - person
|
|
|
Indefinite
|
Definite
|
| Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
ba |
bameo |
banae |
baneu
|
| Vocative
|
- |
- |
vanae |
vaneu
|
Adjectives
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) lenite.
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
Pronouns
Prepositions and conjunctions
- tjeo-L = and
- meo-L = of
- deo-L = at
- yae-L = to
Verbs
Object markers
| Object affixes
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.ex
|
neo-L, ni-L
|
aw-L, mi-L
|
| 1.in
|
-
|
veo-L, bi-L
|
| 2
|
heo-L, sji-L
|
zeo-L, dzi-L
|
| 3
|
weo-L, wi-L
|
Tense and subject markers
| Present tense subject affixes
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.ex
|
-(eo)n
|
-wae
|
| 1.in
|
-
|
-(eo)d
|
| 2
|
-0, -a, -ae, -o
|
-(eo)b
|
| 3
|
-(eo)z
|
-(eo)x
|
|
| Past tense subject affixes
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.ex
|
-naex
|
-wox
|
| 1.in
|
-
|
-dox
|
| 2
|
-aex
|
-zox
|
| 3
|
-zaex
|
-xaex
|
|
| Future tense auxiliary
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.ex
|
cin
|
ciwae
|
| 1.in
|
-
|
cid
|
| 2
|
ci
|
cib
|
| 3
|
ciz
|
cix
|
|
Phrasebook
- Lon Xaetjva. = I am a Xaetjeon person.