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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called ''hookozoi'', mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone.  
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called ''hookozoi'', mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! a !! e !! i !! o !! u !! Ø
|-
! Ø
| a || e || i || o || u || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ya || ye || yi || yo || yu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! w
| wa || we || wi || wo || wu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! b
| ba || be || bi || bo || bu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! d
| da || de || ji || do || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! g
| ga || ge || gi || go || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! p
| pa || pe || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" | || pu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! t
| ta || te || chi || to || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! k
| ka || ke || ki || ko || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! f
| fa || fe || fi || fo || fu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! h
| ha || he || style="background: lightgray;" | || ho || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! x
| xa || xe || xi || xo || xu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! s
| sa || se || style="background: lightgray;" | || so || su || s
|-
! sh
| sha || she || shi || sho || shu || sh
|-
! m
| ma || me || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" | || mu || rowspan="2;" | m/n
|-
! n
| na || ne || ni || no || nu
|-
! ng
| nga || nge || ngi || ngo || style="background: lightgray;" | || ng
|-
! l
| la || le || li || lo || lu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! r
| ra || re || ri || ro || ru || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! z
| za || ze || zi || zo || zu || z
|}
 
 


When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today.
When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
! style="width: 90px; " |Graph
! style="width: 90px; " |Graph
! style="width: 90px; "  |IPA
! style="width: 90px; "  |IPA
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|}


In word or syllable initial position the sequences ''ii, uu'' are written ''yi, wu''. The glide /j/ is always written ''y'' but /w/ is written ''u'' following a consonant and ''w'' syllable initially.  
In word or syllable initial position the sequences ''ii, uu'' are written ''yi, wu''. The glide /j/ is always written ''y'' but /w/ is written ''u'' following a consonant and ''w'' syllable initially.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
(see also [[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Is_Burunking/Vocabulary | Vocabulary]])
====Verbal Roots====
====Verbal Roots====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Root !! style="width: 300px;" | Meanings !! style="width: 100px;" | Stem !! style="width: 100px;" | Perfective
! style="width: 100px;" | Root !! style="width: 350px;" | Meanings !! style="width: 100px;" | Stem !! style="width: 100px;" | Perfective
|-
|-
| '''BII''' || move; travel; run, flow || ''ibii'' || ''ibiyi''
| '''BII''' || move; travel; run, flow || ''ibii'' || ''ibiyi''
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| '''SURU''' || go past, pass; exceed; change state || ''isuru'' || ''isurui''
| '''SURU''' || go past, pass; exceed; change state || ''isuru'' || ''isurui''
|-
|-
| '''RO''' || touch, come into contact; reach, arrive; mention; attain || ''ero'' || ''eroi''
| '''RO''' || touch, come into contact; mention || ''ero'' || ''eroi''
|-
|-
| '''TOZ''' || move towards, come, approach || ''etoz'' || ''etozi''
| '''TOZ''' || move towards, come, approach; arrive, reach; attain || ''etoz'' || ''etozi''
|-
|-
| '''US''' || move away; leave, allow || ''yus'' || ''yushi''
| '''US''' || move away, go || ''yus'' || ''yushi''
|-
|-
| '''WANG''' || go; become, turn || ''ewang'' || ''ewangi''
| '''XAZ''' || move into, enter; penetrate || ''exaz'' || ''exazi''
|-
|-
| '''XAZ''' || move into, enter; penetrate || ''exaz'' || ''exazi''
| '''UKI''' || move out of, leave, exit || ''yuki'' || ''yukii''
|-
| '''GONG''' || remain; stay, wait; dwell; persist, continue || ''egong'' || ''egongi''
|-
| '''AZ''' || sit; be located, situated; abide passively || ''yaz'' || ''yazi''
|-
| '''SUANG''' || lie; be located; spread, extend || ''isuang'' || ''isuangi''
|-
| '''YEKI''' || stand; be located; abide actively || ''eyeki'' || ''eyekii''
|-
| '''EHANG''' || be, exist || ''yehang'' || ''yehangi''
|-
| '''KING''' || heat, cook || ''iking'' || ''ikingi''
|-
| '''RESH''' || constrict, narrow, tighten; shrink || ''eresh'' || ''ereshi''
|-
| '''XOZ''' || begin; beget, produce, create, conceive || ''exoz'' || ''exozi''
|-
| '''JI''' || appear; seem, look like || ''iji'' || ''ijii''
|-
| '''LU''' || die; cease, stop; break || ''ilu'' || ''ilui''
|-
| '''LUAZ''' || spread, scatter, disperse || ''eluaz'' || ''eluazi''
|-
|-
| '''UKI'' || move out of, leave, exit || Example || Example
| '''LUNG''' || have; own, possess; use || ''ilung'' || ''ilungi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''BA''' || incise, cut, scratch; carve; mark || ''eba'' || ''ebai''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''BANG''' || give; offer, pay; provide || ''ebang'' || ''ebangi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''BEI''' || come together, congregate, assemble; swarm, herd || ''ebei'' || ''ebeyi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''GOS''' || throw; shoot; cast; release || ''egos'' || ''egoshi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''LAZ''' || divide, split, separate || ''elaz'' || ''elazi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''AS''' || step; pace, tread; measure || ''yas'' || ''yashi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''GING''' || do, act; make || ''iging'' || ''igingi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''NUA''' || speak, say; make noise || ''inua'' || ''inuai''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''ZUNG''' || expel; defecate; emit, reject || ''izung'' || ''izungi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''ANG''' || eat, consume; take in; receive, accept || ''yang'' || ''yangi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''GAS''' || get; obtain, receive; understand || ''egas'' || ''egashi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''KASH''' || learn, comprehend || ''ekash'' || ''ekashi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''PUSH''' || perceive; know; sense || ''ipush'' || ''ipushi''
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''SHI''' || think, consider, regard; view; judge, measure || ''ishi'' || ''ishii''
|}
|}
====Verbs of Motion====
Verbal roots of motion define direction but not means or manner, i.e. there are roots meaning 'go', 'go up', 'go past' etc. but not 'walk', 'fly', 'ride', 'rush'. To describe either means or manner, compound verbs are used.
Means of motion is usually indicated by an adverb ending in ''-(e)s'', derived from
* a noun denoting the physical method of propulsion
:: ''wengeepii'' "walk, go by foot" < ''wenges'' "by foot" + ''BII''
:: ''heujiipii'' "ride, go by horse" < ''heujis'' "by horse" + ''BII''
:: ''ferowupii'' "sail, go by boat" < ''ferous'' "by boat" + ''BII''
* a noun denoting the medium through which movement occurs
:: ''uzeepii'' "swim etc, go by water" < ''uzes'' "by water" + ''BII''
:: ''urushiipii'' "fly, go by air" < ''urushis'' "by sky" + ''BII''
:: ''bideepii'' "go by road" < ''bides'' "by road" + ''BII''
Manner of motion is denoted either by
* an adverb in ''-ki'', derived from an adjective
:: ''laitekkibii'' "move quickly" < ''laitekki'' "quickly"
:: ''lambakibii'' "move slowly" < ''lambaki'' "slowly"
* a noun, with the meaning "to move as or like..."
:: ''urujibii'' "move drunkenly" < ''uruji'' "drunk person"
:: ''bumibii'' "move like a baby" < ''bumi'' "baby"
:: ''heujitobii'' "move like a foal" < ''heujito'' "foal"
These same methods can be employed with other roots denoting movement to describe both directed and means or manner, e.g:
:: ''wengeekang'' "climb, ascend by foot" < ''wenges'' + ''GANG''
:: ''uzeewash'' "sink, descend through water" < ''uzes'' + ''WASH''
:: ''laitekkitoz'' "rush towards, charge" < ''laitekki'' + ''TOZ''
:: ''urujixaz'' "enter drunkenly" < ''uruji'' + ''XAZ''
====Kinship Terms====
====Kinship Terms====
In Burungian society, each individual belongs to a broad group known as an ''yenu'' "tribe", largely defined by adherence to a particular chief and worship of a tutelary deity.  Within that tribe they belong to a family group called an ''as'' "clan", the members of which claim matrilineal descent from a pair of common ancestors known as the ''atasho'' (male) and ''amasho'' (female). A person belonging to the same clan is called a ''beraako'', whilst anyone beyond the clan group is an ''ase''.
In Burungian society, each individual belongs to a broad group known as an ''yenu'' "tribe", largely defined by adherence to a particular chief and worship of a tutelary deity.  Within that tribe they belong to a family group called an ''as'' "clan", the members of which claim matrilineal descent from a pair of common ancestors known as the ''atasho'' (male) and ''amasho'' (female). A person belonging to the same clan is called a ''beraako'', whilst anyone beyond the clan group is an ''ase''.
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{| class="wikitable" width="1000px;" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" width="100%;" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
| width="250px;" | || width="250px;" | || width="250px;"  | || style="background: pink;" width="250px;"  | ''nanaba'' <br /> <small> great-grandmother</small> <br /> ''waraapa'' <br /> <small> great-grandfather</small>
| width="25%;" | || width="25%;" | || width="25%;"  | || style="background: pink;" width="25%;"  | ''nanaba'' <br /> <small> great-grandmother</small> <br /> ''waraapa'' <br /> <small> great-grandfather</small>
|-
|-
| || || style="background: pink;" | ''ashoba'' <br /> <small>grandmother</small> <br /> ''araapa'' <br /> <small>grandfather</small>  
| || || style="background: pink;" | ''ashoba'' <br /> <small>grandmother</small> <br /> ''araapa'' <br /> <small>grandfather</small>  
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|
|
|}
|}
====Personal Names====
Burunking personal names consist of a '''family name''' (''aaxeng'') and a '''given name''' (''xeng''). Family names are derived from an individual's clan and remain the same throughout a person's life. Given names consist of two types: a) a childhood name conferred by parents at birth or early childhood (''ayaxeng''), and b) an adult name conferred at puberty by community elders (''xensho'').
=====''Family Names''=====
Family names are generally derived from the name of the ''amasho'' (female ancestor) of a clan, usually with one of the suffixes ''-eng'', ''-iri'', ''-ko'', ''-zoi'' and, rarely, ''-daz''. For example, a descendant of ''Endazibya'' might be called ''Endazibyeng'' or ''Endazibiri''. More often, a hypocoristic form of the name is used, e.g. ''Endashiri'' or ''Daziko''.
Some clans - mainly those of higher status - take their name from a specific historical event or a chosen characteristic, e.g. ''Laitezuenzoi'' "swift-footed ones", ''Buzugozzoi'' "solid in battle".
Family names are not changed on marriage. Children will usually adopt the name of their mother.
=====''Childhood Names''=====
Childhood names are usually affectionate, descriptive names indicating some physical characteristic or quality. For example, a child born with dark hair or complexion might be called ''Beuto'' "little dark one", a fair child might be called ''Oijing'' "like the sun", a happy child might be called ''Izizoi'' "fond of smiling". To western ears some of these names might seem rude or uncouth, denoting apparently negative or embarrassing features according to our own standards, e.g. ''Ishuno'' "little blind one", ''Beretteng'' "big ears", ''Xabeuno'' "little pot belly". There are few taboos concerning such names, except where they are deemed to confer bad luck or are considered to diminish the status of the family. A handful of words are not considered appropriate, e.g. ''dedez'' "beautiful, handsome" is used only of adults.
Since prepubescent children are considered to be ''iriji'', names do not differ between physically male and female children, except in cases where they refer to specifically male or female properties, e.g. ''Hekyuto'' "little penis" or ''Heenjing'' "bull-like".
Childhood names essentially work like nicknames in the sense that they are designed to be specific to an individual and affectionate. As such, they often continue to be used even when the child no longer resembles the description. In some cases, however, names are changed naturally to more appropriate descriptions. For example, a small chubby baby named ''Lujito'' "little chubby one" might grow tall and slim and be renamed ''Xigojjing'' "rod-like".
Once a child has reached adulthood and undergone the relevant rites, it is considered rude to refer to a person by their childhood name, except for close family members and close friends. In some cases an individual will forego their childhood name entirely.
=====''Adult Names''=====
Adult names are conferred as part of the series of rites that initiate a child into adulthood. They are usually composed of two elements, which are symbolic of an individual's qualities and expected role in society. The two elements are always combined into a single word, but they may or may not make sense as a unit. For example, the name ''Endazibya'' above is derived from ''endaz'' "strength, power" and ''ibya'' "river", and may be interpreted as a whole meaning "power of a river".
There is effectively no restriction to the elements that may be used to create a given name, but there are general themes to words used and certain common elements. The elements may be nouns or adjectives and in most cases there is no restriction on the order in which they appear.
* '''Topographical features:''' ''binji'' "mountain", ''ibya'' "river", ''eshayo'' "sea", ''laze'' "meadow"
* '''Celestial:''' ''xaz'' "star", ''urushi'' "sky", ''yori'' "rain", ''oi'' "sun", ''oje'' "cloud", ''ye'' "moon", ''yai'' "wind", ''ibung'' "day", ''ba'' "night", ''nibu'' "winter", ''oda'' "summer"
* '''People:''' ''andosh'' "lord", ''andez'' "lady"
* '''Animals:''' ''heuji'' "horse", ''osho'' "wolf", ''heeng'' "bull", ''azang'' "eagle", ''erei'' "bee", ''uruho'' "dove", ''iji'' "ox", ''esang'' "stallion"
* '''Other:''' ''fu'' "fire", ''xing'' "oath, promise"
* '''Adjectives:''' ''dedez'' "beautiful, handsome", ''enji'' "great, large", ''furi'' "white, pure", ''funuz'' "wise", ''eregi'' "bright", ''laxa'' "calm, peaceful, gentle", ''xakong'' "deep", ''ong'' "good", ''goz'' "hard", ''beng'' "solemn", ''heni'' "careful, vigilant"
In some communities it is common for all children to the same parents or the same mother to have one element of their name in common. For example, a group of siblings may be called '''''Azang'''enji'', ''Oda'''azang''''', ''Nibu'''azang''''', '''''Azam'''funuz'' and '''''Azam'''beng''.
There are no clear distinctions made between masculine, feminine or ''iriji'' names. Semantically, certain elements are more common for certain genders:
* '''acchi''' names are more commonly associated with battle, physical strength and bravery. Male animals like ''heeng'' and ''esang'' are almost exclusively used for males, as are other masculine forms like ''andosh'' "lord".
* '''buyachi''' names are often
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