Is Burunking: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 11:29, 29 July 2021

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|name = Is Burunking
|name = Is Burunking
|nativename = Is
|nativename = Is
|pronunciation = [is]
|pronunciation = is
|creator = Neil Whalley
|creator = Neil Whalley
|region = Burung
|setting = North Atlantic ocean
|states = Burung
|states = Burung
|nation = Burung
|nation = Burung
|speakers = ?
|date =
|familycolor = Isolate
|familycolor = Isolate
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]] <br/> Hookozoi
|scripts       = * [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
* Hookozoi
}}
}}


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! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
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! style="" |Nasal
! style="" |Nasal
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n  
|
|
|  
|  
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ŋ
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ŋ
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| t &nbsp;&nbsp; d
| t &nbsp;&nbsp; d
|
|
| k &nbsp;&nbsp; g
|
|
|-
! style="" |Sibilant
|
| s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| ɕ &nbsp;&nbsp; ʑ
|
|
| k &nbsp;&nbsp; g
|  
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
| ɸ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| ɸ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|  
| ʃ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| ç &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ʐ
| ç &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
|
| h &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| h &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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|  
|  
|
|
| t͡ʃ &nbsp;&nbsp; d͡ʒ
| t͡ɕ &nbsp;&nbsp; d͡ʑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ɾ
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
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! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; w
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; w
|
|
|
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j
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|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}


Consonants generally do not occur in clusters, with some exceptions (see [[#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]] below). Any consonant except a fricative may occur as a geminate word-internally.  
Consonants generally do not occur in clusters, with some exceptions (see [[#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]] below). Any consonant except a fricative may occur as a geminate word-internally.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called ''hookozoi'', mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone.  
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called ''hookozoi'', mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! a !! e !! i !! o !! u !! Ø
|-
! Ø
| a || e || i || o || u || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ya || ye || yi || yo || yu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! w
| wa || we || wi || wo || wu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! b
| ba || be || bi || bo || bu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! d
| da || de || ji || do || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! g
| ga || ge || gi || go || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! p
| pa || pe || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" | || pu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! t
| ta || te || chi || to || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! k
| ka || ke || ki || ko || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! f
| fa || fe || fi || fo || fu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! h
| ha || he || style="background: lightgray;" | || ho || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! x
| xa || xe || xi || xo || xu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! s
| sa || se || style="background: lightgray;" | || so || su || s
|-
! sh
| sha || she || shi || sho || shu || sh
|-
! m
| ma || me || style="background: lightgray;" | || style="background: lightgray;" | || mu || rowspan="2;" | m/n
|-
! n
| na || ne || ni || no || nu
|-
! ng
| nga || nge || ngi || ngo || style="background: lightgray;" | || ng
|-
! l
| la || le || li || lo || lu || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! r
| ra || re || ri || ro || ru || style="background: lightgray;" |
|-
! z
| za || ze || zi || zo || zu || z
|}
 
 


When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today.
When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
! style="width: 90px; " |Graph
! style="width: 90px; " |Graph
! style="width: 90px; "  |IPA
! style="width: 90px; "  |IPA
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|}
|}


In word or syllable initial position the sequences ''ii, uu'' are written ''yi, wu''. The glide /j/ is always written ''y'' but /w/ is written ''u'' following a consonant and ''w'' syllable initially.  
In word or syllable initial position the sequences ''ii, uu'' are written ''yi, wu''. The glide /j/ is always written ''y'' but /w/ is written ''u'' following a consonant and ''w'' syllable initially.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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Adult names are conferred as part of the series of rites that initiate a child into adulthood. They are usually composed of two elements, which are symbolic of an individual's qualities and expected role in society. The two elements are always combined into a single word, but they may or may not make sense as a unit. For example, the name ''Endazibya'' above is derived from ''endaz'' "strength, power" and ''ibya'' "river", and may be interpreted as a whole meaning "power of a river".  
Adult names are conferred as part of the series of rites that initiate a child into adulthood. They are usually composed of two elements, which are symbolic of an individual's qualities and expected role in society. The two elements are always combined into a single word, but they may or may not make sense as a unit. For example, the name ''Endazibya'' above is derived from ''endaz'' "strength, power" and ''ibya'' "river", and may be interpreted as a whole meaning "power of a river".  


There is effectively no restriction to the elements that may be used to create a given name, but there are general themes to words used and certain common elements. The elements may be nouns or adjectives.
There is effectively no restriction to the elements that may be used to create a given name, but there are general themes to words used and certain common elements. The elements may be nouns or adjectives and in most cases there is no restriction on the order in which they appear.  


* '''Topographical features:''' ''binji'' "mountain", ''ibya'' "river", ''eshayo'' "sea", ''laze'' "meadow"  
* '''Topographical features:''' ''binji'' "mountain", ''ibya'' "river", ''eshayo'' "sea", ''laze'' "meadow"  
* '''Celestial:''' ''xaz'' "star", ''urushi'' "sky", ''yori'' "rain", ''oi'' "sun", ''oje'' "cloud", ''ye'' "moon", ''yai'' "wind", ''ibung'' "day", ''ba'' "night", ''nibu'' "winter", ''oda'' "summer"
* '''Celestial:''' ''xaz'' "star", ''urushi'' "sky", ''yori'' "rain", ''oi'' "sun", ''oje'' "cloud", ''ye'' "moon", ''yai'' "wind", ''ibung'' "day", ''ba'' "night", ''nibu'' "winter", ''oda'' "summer"
* '''People:''' ''andosh'' "lord", ''andez'' "lady"
* '''People:''' ''andosh'' "lord", ''andez'' "lady"
* '''Animals:''' ''heuji'' "horse", ''osho'' "wolf", ''heeng'' "bull", ''azang'' "eagle", ''erei'' "bee", ''uruho'' "dove", ''iji'' "ox"
* '''Animals:''' ''heuji'' "horse", ''osho'' "wolf", ''heeng'' "bull", ''azang'' "eagle", ''erei'' "bee", ''uruho'' "dove", ''iji'' "ox", ''esang'' "stallion"
* '''Other:''' ''fu'' "fire", ''xing'' "oath, promise"
* '''Other:''' ''fu'' "fire", ''xing'' "oath, promise"
* '''Adjectives:''' ''dedez'' "beautiful, handsome", ''enji'' "great, large", ''furi'' "white, pure", ''funuz'' "wise", ''eregi'' "bright", ''laxa'' "calm, peaceful, gentle", ''xakong'' "deep", ''ong'' "good", ''goz'' "hard", ''beng'' "solemn", ''heni'' "careful, vigilant"
* '''Adjectives:''' ''dedez'' "beautiful, handsome", ''enji'' "great, large", ''furi'' "white, pure", ''funuz'' "wise", ''eregi'' "bright", ''laxa'' "calm, peaceful, gentle", ''xakong'' "deep", ''ong'' "good", ''goz'' "hard", ''beng'' "solemn", ''heni'' "careful, vigilant"


In some communities it is common for all children to the same parents or the same mother to have one element of their name in common. This is often a topographical feature (''ibya'' "river", ''binji'' "mountain"), an animal (''furi'' "bird", ''heuji'' "horse") or a quality (''furi'' "white", ''funuz'' "wise").
In some communities it is common for all children to the same parents or the same mother to have one element of their name in common. For example, a group of siblings may be called '''''Azang'''enji'', ''Oda'''azang''''', ''Nibu'''azang''''', '''''Azam'''funuz'' and '''''Azam'''beng''.
 
There are no clear distinctions made between masculine, feminine or ''iriji'' names. Semantically, certain elements are more common for certain genders:
* '''acchi''' names are more commonly associated with battle, physical strength and bravery. Male animals like ''heeng'' and ''esang'' are almost exclusively used for males, as are other masculine forms like ''andosh'' "lord".
* '''buyachi''' names are often
 
=====''Hypocoristics''=====
Hypocoristics or nicknames are common in Is Burunking. There are no clear rules for their formation, but they are generally shortened versions of childhood or adult names. They also rarely include long vowels or diphthongs.
 
The shortened form may be purely a section of a longer name, commonly taken from the middle of the name so that it overlaps separate elements, though frequently the choice is merely a matter of preference. E.g. ''Izizoi → Zizo, Zizoi, Izi, Endazibya → Dazi, Endaz''. Frequently, such names will undergo anomalous changes, such as voicing of plosives or altering sounds, e.g. ''Hekyuto → Gyudo, Azambeng → Zambu, Zama, Jambe, Shambe''.
 
Reduplication of a syllable is especially common in childhood names, in female names and in pet names but is often considered demeaning in the wrong context. Any part of the name may be reduplicated and the syllable may be repeated exactly or undergo ablaut. E.g. ''Beuto → Bebe, Bebo; Oijing  → Jiji, Jiju, Lujito → Lulu, Lula''. Names or syllables beginning with a vowel will often reduplicate the consonant at the beginning of the word, e.g. ''Oijing → Joji, Odaazang → Doda''.
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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